Deep Literature Search

• PICO (clinical/biomedical): Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome
• PEO (qualitative): Population, Exposure, Outcome
• SPIDER (mixed methods): Sample, Phenomenon of Interest, Design, Evaluation, Research type

Example: "What is the effect of mindfulness-based interventions (I) on academic stress (O) in graduate students (P) compared to no intervention (C)?"

Step 2: Identify Key Concepts and Synonyms

Break your research question into 2-4 key concepts. For each concept, list all synonyms, related terms, abbreviations, and controlled vocabulary terms:

Step 3: Build the Search String

Combine concepts using Boolean logic:

("mindfulness" OR "MBSR" OR "mindfulness-based stress reduction" OR "meditation")
AND
("academic stress" OR "study stress" OR "exam anxiety" OR "academic burnout")
AND
("graduate student*" OR "postgraduate*" OR "doctoral student*" OR "PhD candidate*")

Key syntax rules:

• Use OR within concept groups (broadens)
• Use AND between concept groups (narrows)
• Use * for truncation (e.g., student* matches students, student's)
• Use "" for exact phrases
• Use NOT sparingly and document its use

Step 4: Adapt for Each Database

Each database has its own syntax and controlled vocabulary. You must translate your master search string for each target:

• PubMed: Use MeSH terms alongside free-text; syntax uses [MeSH] tags
• Scopus: Uses TITLE-ABS-KEY() field codes
• Web of Science: Uses TS= (Topic) and TI= (Title) field tags
• IEEE Xplore: Uses "Command Search" with field codes
• OpenAlex: Uses concept IDs and filter parameters in the API

Multi-Database Execution

Recommended Database Selection by Discipline

Execution Checklist

For each database:

1. Translate the master search string to the database's syntax
2. Run the search and record the date, exact query string, and result count
3. Export all results in a structured format (RIS, BibTeX, or CSV)
4. Save a screenshot or copy of the search interface showing the query and results count

Grey Literature and Supplementary Sources

A truly exhaustive search also covers non-indexed sources:

• Preprint servers: arXiv, bioRxiv, medRxiv, SSRN
• Dissertations: ProQuest Dissertations, EThOS, institutional repositories
• Conference proceedings: Check major conferences in your field
• Citation chaining: Forward (who cited this?) and backward (what did this cite?) from key papers
• Expert consultation: Contact domain experts for unpublished or in-press work
• Trial registries: ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO ICTRP (for clinical topics)

Deduplication and Screening

Deduplication Process

After collecting results from multiple databases, expect 20-40% overlap. Use reference management software to deduplicate:

1. Import all exported results into a single library (Zotero, EndNote, or Rayyan)
2. Run automatic deduplication using DOI matching first, then title+author matching
3. Manually review flagged potential duplicates—automated tools miss ~5-10%
4. Record the count: total imported, duplicates removed, unique records remaining

Screening Workflow

Apply a two-stage screening process:

• Title/Abstract screening: Review each unique record against your inclusion/exclusion criteria. Mark as Include, Exclude, or Maybe.
• Full-text screening: Retrieve full texts for all Include and Maybe records. Apply detailed eligibility criteria.

Use screening tools like Rayyan, Covidence, or ASReview to manage this process, especially for large result sets (500+ records).

PRISMA Documentation

Document your entire search process using the PRISMA 2020 flow diagram:

Records identified (N = ?)
  ├── Database 1 (n = ?)
  ├── Database 2 (n = ?)
  └── Other sources (n = ?)
Duplicates removed (n = ?)
Records screened (n = ?)
Records excluded (n = ?)
Full-text assessed (n = ?)
Full-text excluded with reasons (n = ?)
Studies included (n = ?)

Save your complete search strategies (exact query strings, dates, result counts per database) as supplementary material for your publication. This transparency is essential for reproducibility and is increasingly required by journals.

References

• PRISMA 2020 Statement: https://www.prisma-statement.org
• Cochrane Handbook, Ch. 4 (Searching for studies): https://training.cochrane.org/handbook
• Literature Search tool: wentor-research-plugins
• Bramer, W.M. et al. (2017). "De-duplication of database search results." BMC Medical Research Methodology.