Entrenamiento de obediencia básica para perros — sentarse, quedarse, venir, caminar junto y echarse usando refuerzo positivo y entrenamiento con marcador. Cubre temporización, jerarquía de recompensas, estructura de sesiones, prueba contra distracciones y errores comunes del guía. Usar cuando un cachorro nuevo (8+ semanas) está listo para entrenamiento básico, un perro adulto carece de comandos básicos confiables, un perro rescatado necesita aprender el vocabulario de comandos del hogar, antes de avanzar a comportamientos complejos o trabajo sin correa, o cuando los comandos existentes se han degradado y necesitan restablecerse.
Enseñar comandos básicos (sentarse, quedarse, venir, caminar junto, echarse) usando refuerzo positivo y entrenamiento con marcador.
El marcador cierra la brecha entre el comportamiento deseado y la recompensa.
Marker Training Protocol:
1. Choose your marker: clicker (precise) or verbal "yes" (always available)
2. Charge the marker (10-15 reps):
- Mark (click or "yes") then immediately deliver a treat
- No behavior required — just marker → treat, marker → treat
- Dog should begin orienting toward you at the sound of the marker
3. Test: mark when the dog is looking away. Does the dog turn toward
you expecting a treat? If yes, the marker is charged.
Timing Rule:
The marker must occur WITHIN 1 second of the desired behavior.
Late marking teaches the wrong behavior.
Mark → then reach for the treat (not the reverse).
Esperado: El perro se orienta confiablemente hacia el guía al escuchar el marcador, esperando una recompensa.
En caso de fallo: Si el perro no responde al marcador después de 20 repeticiones, el valor del premio es demasiado bajo. Cambiar a recompensas de mayor valor (queso, pollo, hígado). Si el perro está demasiado distraído para comer, el ambiente es demasiado estimulante — moverse a un espacio más tranquilo.
Trabajar un comando por sesión hasta que sea confiable, luego comenzar a mezclar.
Command Protocols:
SIT:
1. Hold treat above dog's nose, slowly arc backward over the head
2. As the dog's head follows up, the rear naturally lowers
3. The instant the rear touches the ground → mark and treat
4. Add the verbal cue "sit" AFTER the dog is offering the behavior reliably
(cue comes before behavior only once the dog understands the behavior)
DOWN:
1. From a sit, hold treat at the dog's nose then lower slowly to the ground
2. Draw the treat slightly forward along the ground
3. As elbows touch the ground → mark and treat
4. If the dog stands instead, reset and try with less forward movement
STAY:
1. Ask for a sit or down
2. Open palm toward the dog, say "stay"
3. Wait 1 second → mark and treat while the dog is still in position
4. Gradually increase duration: 2s, 5s, 10s, 30s, 1 min
5. Add distance: one step back, then two, then five
6. Add distraction: only after duration and distance are solid
(the "three Ds": Duration, Distance, Distraction — increase one at a time)
COME (recall):
1. Start on a long line (15-30 ft) in a low-distraction environment
2. Let the dog wander, then call name + "come" in an upbeat tone
3. If the dog turns toward you → mark → reward generously when the dog arrives
4. NEVER call "come" for something unpleasant (bath, crate, leaving the park)
5. Recall is the most important safety command — make it the most rewarding
HEEL:
1. Dog on your left side, treat in left hand at your hip
2. Take one step, if the dog moves with you → mark and treat
3. Gradually increase to two steps, five steps, ten steps
4. Mark and treat for maintaining position (head roughly at your knee)
5. If the dog pulls ahead, stop walking. Resume when the leash is loose.
Esperado: Cada comando se ejecuta confiablemente en un ambiente de baja distracción con premios como motivación.
En caso de fallo: Si un comando no progresa después de 3 sesiones, dividirlo en pasos más pequeños. El perro puede necesitar un comportamiento intermedio (ej., para "echarse," recompensar el movimiento de bajar la cabeza antes de requerir los codos completamente en el suelo).
Session Guidelines:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Parameter | Guideline |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Duration | 5-10 minutes (puppies: 3-5 minutes) |
| Frequency | 2-3 sessions per day |
| End on success | Always end after a successful rep, not |
| | after a failure |
| Reward rate | Initially: every correct rep |
| | Later: intermittent (variable schedule) |
| Energy management | High-energy dog? Exercise BEFORE training|
| | Low-energy dog? Train when most alert |
| Session structure | Warm-up (easy known command) → new |
| | material → cool-down (easy command) |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
The 80/20 Rule:
- 80% of reps should succeed (dog is getting it right)
- If success rate drops below 80%, the criteria is too high — go easier
- 20% challenge keeps the dog engaged without frustrating
Esperado: Sesiones cortas y exitosas que dejan al perro queriendo más.
En caso de fallo: Si el perro se desconecta (olfateando, mirando a otro lado, echándose), la sesión es demasiado larga, demasiado difícil o las recompensas no son suficientemente motivadoras. Terminar la sesión y reevaluar.
Una vez que sean confiables en un ambiente tranquilo, agregar distracciones sistemáticamente.
Distraction Ladder (work through sequentially):
1. Quiet room, no distractions (starting point)
2. Room with a family member present
3. Backyard or garden
4. Front yard with street noise
5. Quiet park or trail
6. Busy park with other dogs at a distance
7. Busy park with other dogs nearby
8. Novel environments (pet store, cafe patio)
At each new level:
- Expect performance to decrease — this is normal
- Increase reward rate back to every correct rep
- Do not add more distraction until the current level is reliable
- If the dog fails 3 reps in a row, you moved up too fast — go back one level
Esperado: Los comandos funcionan confiablemente en ambientes progresivamente más distractores.
En caso de fallo: Si una distracción específica (otros perros, ardillas) rompe consistentemente el entrenamiento, esa distracción necesita trabajo de contracondicionamiento separado (ver behavioral-modification).
behavioral-modification — para abordar comportamientos no deseados que interfieren con la obediencia básica