Educational Presentation Design

2. Redundancy Principle ⭐ CRITICAL

Rule: Do NOT put paragraphs of text on slides that will be read aloud. Why: Creates "cognitive channel war" - audience can't read and listen simultaneously. Solution:

• Visuals + narration = GOOD ✅
• Visuals + text wall + narration = COGNITIVE OVERLOAD ❌
• Move all paragraph text to speaker notes
• Slides should have: keywords, graphics, or charts only

3. Segmenting Principle ⭐ ESSENTIAL

Rule: Break content into user-paced chunks using progressive disclosure or multiple slides. Application: Never overwhelm with one dense slide - chunk across 3-5 slides instead.

For all 12 Mayer principles with detailed applications, read references/quick-reference.md.

Macro-Structure: Gagné's 9 Events Framework

Every educational presentation MUST follow this structure:

Event 1: Gain Attention

• Thought-provoking question, surprising statistic, or compelling case study
• Stimulates curiosity and focus

Event 2: Inform Learners of Objectives

• "By the end of this session, you will be able to..."
• Use measurable action verbs (Analyze, Compare, Apply, Evaluate, Create)

Event 3: Stimulate Recall of Prior Learning

• Poll question: "What do you already know about X?"
• Activates existing knowledge as foundation

Event 4: Present the Content

• Main content slides with visuals + narration (not text walls)
• Break into digestible 3-5 minute chunks
• Apply progressive disclosure

Event 5: Provide Learning Guidance

• Worked examples, non-examples, analogies, case studies
• Graphic organizers and mnemonics

Event 6: Elicit Performance

• "Try this problem" or "Discuss with your neighbor"
• Interactive quiz or application exercise (non-graded)

Event 7: Provide Feedback

• Correct answer with explanation
• Model of ideal response and common mistakes to avoid

Event 8: Assess Performance

• Formal quiz, project prompt, or final presentation request
• Measures if objective was met

Event 9: Enhance Retention and Transfer

• Final summary and transfer question: "How will you use this in your work?"
• Real-world problem to solve

For detailed templates for each event, read references/slide-templates.md.

Micro-Design: C.R.A.P. Principles

1. Contrast

Create visual hierarchy with strong differences:

• Large title (36-44pt) vs. smaller body (24-32pt)
• Bright accent color on neutral background
• Bold vs. regular weight

2. Repetition

Reuse same fonts, colors, and layouts:

• Consistent title placement
• Same color palette on every slide
• Maximum 2 fonts for entire deck

3. Alignment

Nothing is placed arbitrarily:

• Use invisible grid (turn on guides)
• Left-align body text (never center paragraphs)
• Connect every element to another

4. Proximity

Group related items close together:

• Place labels directly next to graphics
• Use whitespace to separate unrelated groups

For detailed C.R.A.P. applications, read references/quick-reference.md.

Typography & Color Essentials

Typography Rules

• Font Choice: Sans-serif only (Arial, Calibri, Verdana, Helvetica)
• Size: Main Title 36-44pt, Body Text 24-32pt minimum
• Alignment: Left-align all body text, never center
• Emphasis: Use bold, never underline or ALL CAPS

Color Strategy

60-30-10 Rule:

• 60% Primary (neutral background: white, off-white, dark gray)
• 30% Secondary (structural elements: title bars, sidebars)
• 10% Accent (key words, buttons, arrows - bright, contrasting)

Accessibility (WCAG 2.1 AA):

• 4.5:1 contrast ratio for normal text
• 3:1 contrast ratio for large text (18pt+)
• Never use red/green or blue/yellow combinations

Tools: WebAIM Contrast Checker, Adobe Color, Coolors

Visual Elements & Multimedia

Images & Icons

• ✅ High-quality, relevant photographs
• ✅ Professional icons (Noun Project, Flaticon, Iconoir)
• ✅ Icons can replace bullet points
• ❌ No decorative clipart or "seductive details"

Charts & Diagrams

• Simplify to one clear message per chart
• Use progressive disclosure for complex diagrams
• Label directly on elements (not separate legend)

Free Legal Resources:

• Images: Unsplash, Wikimedia Commons
• Icons: Noun Project, Flaticon, Iconoir

Progressive Disclosure & Animations

When to Use

• 3+ bullet points or list items
• Complex diagrams or processes
• Step-by-step explanations

How to Implement

PowerPoint: Animations > Add Animation > Appear > Effect Options: On Click Google Slides: Insert > Animation > Appear/Fade In > On Click

Critical Rules:

• Use "Appear" or "Fade" only (no distracting effects)
• Set to "On Click" not "After Previous"
• Build diagrams piece-by-piece

Accessibility (WCAG 2.1 AA)

Must-Have Requirements

1. Alt text on all images and charts
2. Contrast meets 4.5:1 ratio (verify with tools)
3. Built-in layouts (don't use text boxes floating arbitrarily)
4. Reading order checked and corrected
5. Color independence (don't rely on color alone for meaning)

Tools

PowerPoint: File > Info > Check for Issues > Check Accessibility Google Slides: Grackle Slides add-on

For complete accessibility checklist, read references/validation.md.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

❌ The Bullet Point Slide of Death

Problem: 8+ bullet points with full sentences, presented all at once Fix: Chunk across 3-4 slides, one clear message per slide, use progressive disclosure

❌ The Text Wall

Problem: Paragraphs of text on slide while presenter reads aloud Fix: Move ALL paragraph text to speaker notes, leave only keywords/graphics

❌ The Clipart Catastrophe

Problem: Generic clipart that doesn't illustrate the concept Fix: Use high-quality, relevant photographs or professional icons

❌ The Overwhelming Diagram

Problem: Complex flowchart revealed all at once Fix: Build piece-by-piece using progressive disclosure

❌ The Centered Everything

Problem: All text centered on slide Fix: Left-align all body text, use invisible grid

For detailed before/after transformations, read references/before-after.md.

Workflow: Creating a Presentation

Step 1: Plan the Structure (5-10 minutes)

1. Define learning objectives (measurable action verbs)
2. Outline using Gagné's 9 Events framework
3. Identify key concepts that need pre-training
4. Plan practice opportunities and feedback

Step 2: Create Content Slides (30-60 minutes)

1. Start with slide titles (one clear idea per slide)
2. Add relevant visuals first (not as decoration)
3. Add minimal text (keywords only, not sentences)
4. Write detailed speaker notes (what you'll say)
5. Apply C.R.A.P. principles consistently

Step 3: Implement Progressive Disclosure (10-20 minutes)

1. Identify slides with 3+ items
2. Add "Appear" animations set to "On Click"
3. Test flow and timing

Step 4: Validate Before Delivery (10-15 minutes)

1. Run accessibility checker
2. Verify contrast ratios
3. Check reading order
4. Confirm all images have alt text
5. Test on actual presentation screen

For comprehensive validation checklist (174 points), read references/validation.md.

Decision Trees

"Should I put this text on the slide?"

Will I read this text aloud?
├─ YES → Move to speaker notes ✅
│      (Use visual + keyword only on slide)
└─ NO → Consider keeping on slide
       ├─ Is it a keyword/label? → Keep ✅
       ├─ Is it a technical term that must be referenced? → Keep ✅  
       └─ Is it a full sentence/paragraph? → Move to notes ✅

"Which chart should I use?"

What's your data story?
├─ Comparing categories → Bar/Column chart
├─ Showing trend over time → Line graph
├─ Part-to-whole relationship → Pie/Donut (max 5 slices)
└─ Correlation between variables → Scatter plot

Quick Validation Checklist

Before delivering, verify:

Structure ✓

• Follows Gagné's 9 Events framework
• Clear learning objectives stated
• Includes practice opportunity and feedback

Cognitive Load ✓

• No slide has more than one main idea
• Complex content is chunked appropriately
• All decorative elements removed (Coherence)
• No text walls + narration (Redundancy)

Design ✓

• Strong contrast creates clear hierarchy
• Consistent repetition throughout
• All elements aligned on grid
• Generous whitespace on every slide

Typography ✓

• Sans-serif fonts used
• Maximum 2 fonts
• All text minimum 24pt
• Body text left-aligned

Color ✓

• 60-30-10 rule applied
• All text meets 4.5:1 contrast ratio
• No red/green or blue/yellow combinations

Multimedia ✓

• Every slide has words AND pictures
• High-quality, relevant images only
• Labels placed next to graphics

Interaction ✓

• Progressive disclosure applied where appropriate
• Animations set to "On Click"
• "Appear" or "Fade" only

Accessibility ✓

• Alt text on all images/charts
• Built-in layouts used
• Contrast ratios verified

Key Mantras

1. "If it doesn't support learning, delete it." (Coherence Principle)
2. "Visual + narration, not visual + text + narration." (Redundancy Principle)
3. "One slide, one idea." (Segmenting Principle)
4. "Clean isn't empty; clean is focused." (Whitespace)
5. "Beautiful is efficient." (Cognitive Load Theory)
6. "Design for everyone or design for no one." (Accessibility)

Reference Files Guide

This skill includes detailed reference files for specific needs:

references/quick-reference.md

Use when: You need rapid decisions during creation or want a scannable checklist Contains:

• 30-second checklist
• Mayer's 12 in 12 seconds
• Gagné's 9 in 9 slides
• C.R.A.P. in 4 questions
• Typography rules express
• Color 60-30-10 rule
• Progressive disclosure guide
• Accessibility 5 must-haves
• Top 5 errors to avoid
• Chart selection guide

references/slide-templates.md

Use when: You want ready-to-use templates for specific slide types Contains:

• 20+ templates organized by Gagné's 9 Events
• Opening slides (3 templates)
• Objectives, Recall, Content, Guidance templates
• Practice, Feedback, Assessment templates
• Transfer/Application templates
• Special slides (Section Divider, Summary, Q&A, Thank You, References)
• Selection guide for each template

references/before-after.md

Use when: You want to see concrete transformations or understand common mistakes Contains:

• 6 major transformation examples
• Cognitive analysis of problems
• Step-by-step solutions applied
• C.R.A.P.-Mayer scoring for validation
• Visual comparisons showing improvements

references/validation.md

Use when: You need comprehensive pre-delivery validation Contains:

• 174-point complete validation checklist
• 13 evaluation sections with scoring
• Pedagogical Structure (20 pts)
• Mayer Principles (24 pts)
• C.R.A.P. Design (16 pts)
• Typography, Colors, Visuals (40 pts)
• Animations, Whitespace, Accessibility (36 pts)
• Content, Duration, Storytelling, Consistency (38 pts)
• Scoring system: 95-100% = Excellence, 85-94% = Very Good, 70-84% = Acceptable, <70% = Rework needed

Implementation with Technical Tools

PowerPoint/Google Slides

When creating presentations in PowerPoint or Google Slides:

1. Apply these principles manually
2. Use built-in accessibility checkers
3. Verify contrast with WebAIM or Coolors
4. Test progressive disclosure animations

Creating with Claude (pptx skill)

When Claude needs to create actual .pptx files:

1. This skill provides the pedagogical design and content structure
2. The pptx skill provides the technical implementation (html2pptx, python-pptx)
3. Use this skill first to design, then pptx skill to build

Workflow:

1. Use educational-presentation skill to plan structure and content
2. Create detailed slide outlines with speaker notes
3. Use pptx skill to implement the technical file creation
4. Return to this skill for final validation

Core Theories & Further Reading

Foundational Theories:

• Cognitive Load Theory (Sweller)
• Mayer's Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning
• Gagné's Nine Events of Instruction
• Bloom's Taxonomy

Design Principles:

• Robin Williams' C.R.A.P. Principles
• WCAG 2.1 Accessibility Guidelines

Recommended Books:

• "Presentation Zen" by Garr Reynolds
• "Slide:ology" by Nancy Duarte
• "Multimedia Learning" by Richard E. Mayer

Summary: Start Here

New to educational presentations? Follow this path:

1. Read this SKILL.md file completely (15 minutes)
2. Review references/quick-reference.md (10 minutes)
3. Start creating with references/slide-templates.md (5 minutes per template)
4. Validate with checklist above before delivery

Improving existing presentations? Follow this path:

1. Read references/before-after.md to identify common mistakes (30 minutes)
2. Apply transformations to your slides
3. Validate with references/validation.md (15-30 minutes)

Quick reference during creation? Keep references/quick-reference.md open

Remember: Beautiful presentations are cognitively efficient presentations. Every design choice should serve learning, not just aesthetics.

What Claude Does vs What You Decide

Skill Boundaries

This skill excels for:

• Training and educational presentations
• Workshop and course materials
• Learning-focused content where retention matters
• Accessible presentation design

This skill is NOT ideal for:

• Sales pitch decks → Different structure needed
• Entertainment presentations → Engagement over retention
• Infographics → Static design, not progressive

Iteration Guide

Skill Metadata