Sql Optimization

Index Strategy Optimization

-- ❌ BAD: Poor indexing strategy
CREATE INDEX idx_user_data ON users(email, first_name, last_name, created_at);

-- ✅ GOOD: Optimized composite indexing
-- For queries filtering by email first, then sorting by created_at
CREATE INDEX idx_users_email_created ON users(email, created_at);

-- For full-text name searches
CREATE INDEX idx_users_name ON users(last_name, first_name);

-- For user status queries
CREATE INDEX idx_users_status_created ON users(status, created_at)
WHERE status IS NOT NULL;

Subquery Optimization

-- ❌ BAD: Correlated subquery
SELECT p.product_name, p.price
FROM products p
WHERE p.price > (
    SELECT AVG(price) 
    FROM products p2 
    WHERE p2.category_id = p.category_id
);

-- ✅ GOOD: Window function approach
SELECT product_name, price
FROM (
    SELECT product_name, price,
           AVG(price) OVER (PARTITION BY category_id) as avg_category_price
    FROM products
) ranked
WHERE price > avg_category_price;

📊 Performance Tuning Techniques

JOIN Optimization

-- ❌ BAD: Inefficient JOIN order and conditions
SELECT o.*, c.name, p.product_name
FROM orders o
LEFT JOIN customers c ON o.customer_id = c.id
LEFT JOIN order_items oi ON o.id = oi.order_id
LEFT JOIN products p ON oi.product_id = p.id
WHERE o.created_at > '2024-01-01'
  AND c.status = 'active';

-- ✅ GOOD: Optimized JOIN with filtering
SELECT o.id, o.total_amount, c.name, p.product_name
FROM orders o
INNER JOIN customers c ON o.customer_id = c.id AND c.status = 'active'
INNER JOIN order_items oi ON o.id = oi.order_id
INNER JOIN products p ON oi.product_id = p.id
WHERE o.created_at > '2024-01-01';

Pagination Optimization

-- ❌ BAD: OFFSET-based pagination (slow for large offsets)
SELECT * FROM products 
ORDER BY created_at DESC 
LIMIT 20 OFFSET 10000;

-- ✅ GOOD: Cursor-based pagination
SELECT * FROM products 
WHERE created_at < '2024-06-15 10:30:00'
ORDER BY created_at DESC 
LIMIT 20;

-- Or using ID-based cursor
SELECT * FROM products 
WHERE id > 1000
ORDER BY id 
LIMIT 20;

Aggregation Optimization

-- ❌ BAD: Multiple separate aggregation queries
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders WHERE status = 'pending';
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders WHERE status = 'shipped';
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders WHERE status = 'delivered';

-- ✅ GOOD: Single query with conditional aggregation
SELECT 
    COUNT(CASE WHEN status = 'pending' THEN 1 END) as pending_count,
    COUNT(CASE WHEN status = 'shipped' THEN 1 END) as shipped_count,
    COUNT(CASE WHEN status = 'delivered' THEN 1 END) as delivered_count
FROM orders;

🔍 Query Anti-Patterns

SELECT Performance Issues

-- ❌ BAD: SELECT * anti-pattern
SELECT * FROM large_table lt
JOIN another_table at ON lt.id = at.ref_id;

-- ✅ GOOD: Explicit column selection
SELECT lt.id, lt.name, at.value
FROM large_table lt
JOIN another_table at ON lt.id = at.ref_id;

WHERE Clause Optimization

-- ❌ BAD: Function calls in WHERE clause
SELECT * FROM orders 
WHERE UPPER(customer_email) = '[email protected]';

-- ✅ GOOD: Index-friendly WHERE clause
SELECT * FROM orders 
WHERE customer_email = '[email protected]';
-- Consider: CREATE INDEX idx_orders_email ON orders(LOWER(customer_email));

OR vs UNION Optimization

-- ❌ BAD: Complex OR conditions
SELECT * FROM products 
WHERE (category = 'electronics' AND price < 1000)
   OR (category = 'books' AND price < 50);

-- ✅ GOOD: UNION approach for better optimization
SELECT * FROM products WHERE category = 'electronics' AND price < 1000
UNION ALL
SELECT * FROM products WHERE category = 'books' AND price < 50;

📈 Database-Agnostic Optimization

Batch Operations

-- ❌ BAD: Row-by-row operations
INSERT INTO products (name, price) VALUES ('Product 1', 10.00);
INSERT INTO products (name, price) VALUES ('Product 2', 15.00);
INSERT INTO products (name, price) VALUES ('Product 3', 20.00);

-- ✅ GOOD: Batch insert
INSERT INTO products (name, price) VALUES 
('Product 1', 10.00),
('Product 2', 15.00),
('Product 3', 20.00);

Temporary Table Usage

-- ✅ GOOD: Using temporary tables for complex operations
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE temp_calculations AS
SELECT customer_id, 
       SUM(total_amount) as total_spent,
       COUNT(*) as order_count
FROM orders 
WHERE created_at >= '2024-01-01'
GROUP BY customer_id;

-- Use the temp table for further calculations
SELECT c.name, tc.total_spent, tc.order_count
FROM temp_calculations tc
JOIN customers c ON tc.customer_id = c.id
WHERE tc.total_spent > 1000;

🛠️ Index Management

Index Design Principles

-- ✅ GOOD: Covering index design
CREATE INDEX idx_orders_covering 
ON orders(customer_id, created_at) 
INCLUDE (total_amount, status);  -- SQL Server syntax
-- Or: CREATE INDEX idx_orders_covering ON orders(customer_id, created_at, total_amount, status); -- Other databases

Partial Index Strategy

-- ✅ GOOD: Partial indexes for specific conditions
CREATE INDEX idx_orders_active 
ON orders(created_at) 
WHERE status IN ('pending', 'processing');

📊 Performance Monitoring Queries

Query Performance Analysis

-- Generic approach to identify slow queries
-- (Specific syntax varies by database)

-- For MySQL:
SELECT query_time, lock_time, rows_sent, rows_examined, sql_text
FROM mysql.slow_log
ORDER BY query_time DESC;

-- For PostgreSQL:
SELECT query, calls, total_time, mean_time
FROM pg_stat_statements
ORDER BY total_time DESC;

-- For SQL Server:
SELECT 
    qs.total_elapsed_time/qs.execution_count as avg_elapsed_time,
    qs.execution_count,
    SUBSTRING(qt.text, (qs.statement_start_offset/2)+1,
        ((CASE qs.statement_end_offset WHEN -1 THEN DATALENGTH(qt.text)
        ELSE qs.statement_end_offset END - qs.statement_start_offset)/2)+1) as query_text
FROM sys.dm_exec_query_stats qs
CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(qs.sql_handle) qt
ORDER BY avg_elapsed_time DESC;

🎯 Universal Optimization Checklist

Query Structure

• Avoiding SELECT * in production queries
• Using appropriate JOIN types (INNER vs LEFT/RIGHT)
• Filtering early in WHERE clauses
• Using EXISTS instead of IN for subqueries when appropriate
• Avoiding functions in WHERE clauses that prevent index usage

Index Strategy

• Creating indexes on frequently queried columns
• Using composite indexes in the right column order
• Avoiding over-indexing (impacts INSERT/UPDATE performance)
• Using covering indexes where beneficial
• Creating partial indexes for specific query patterns

Data Types and Schema

• Using appropriate data types for storage efficiency
• Normalizing appropriately (3NF for OLTP, denormalized for OLAP)
• Using constraints to help query optimizer
• Partitioning large tables when appropriate

Query Patterns

• Using LIMIT/TOP for result set control
• Implementing efficient pagination strategies
• Using batch operations for bulk data changes
• Avoiding N+1 query problems
• Using prepared statements for repeated queries

Performance Testing

• Testing queries with realistic data volumes
• Analyzing query execution plans
• Monitoring query performance over time
• Setting up alerts for slow queries
• Regular index usage analysis

📝 Optimization Methodology

1. Identify: Use database-specific tools to find slow queries
2. Analyze: Examine execution plans and identify bottlenecks
3. Optimize: Apply appropriate optimization techniques
4. Test: Verify performance improvements
5. Monitor: Continuously track performance metrics
6. Iterate: Regular performance review and optimization

Focus on measurable performance improvements and always test optimizations with realistic data volumes and query patterns.