Uniprot Database

Search UniProt using natural language queries or structured search syntax.

Common search patterns:

# Search by protein name
query = "insulin AND organism_name:\"Homo sapiens\""

# Search by gene name
query = "gene:BRCA1 AND reviewed:true"

# Search by accession
query = "accession:P12345"

# Search by sequence length
query = "length:[100 TO 500]"

# Search by taxonomy
query = "taxonomy_id:9606"  # Human proteins

# Search by GO term
query = "go:0005515"  # Protein binding

Use the API search endpoint: https://rest.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/search?query={query}&format={format}

Supported formats: JSON, TSV, Excel, XML, FASTA, RDF, TXT

2. Retrieving Individual Protein Entries

Retrieve specific protein entries by accession number.

Accession number formats:

• Classic: P12345, Q1AAA9, O15530 (6 characters: letter + 5 alphanumeric)
• Extended: A0A022YWF9 (10 characters for newer entries)

Retrieve endpoint: https://rest.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/{accession}.{format}

Example: https://rest.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P12345.fasta

3. Batch Retrieval and ID Mapping

Map protein identifiers between different database systems and retrieve multiple entries efficiently.

ID Mapping workflow:

1. Submit mapping job to: https://rest.uniprot.org/idmapping/run
2. Check job status: https://rest.uniprot.org/idmapping/status/{jobId}
3. Retrieve results: https://rest.uniprot.org/idmapping/results/{jobId}

Supported databases for mapping:

• UniProtKB AC/ID
• Gene names
• Ensembl, RefSeq, EMBL
• PDB, AlphaFoldDB
• KEGG, GO terms
• And many more (see /references/id_mapping_databases.md)

Limitations:

• Maximum 100,000 IDs per job
• Results stored for 7 days

4. Streaming Large Result Sets

For large queries that exceed pagination limits, use the stream endpoint:

https://rest.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/stream?query={query}&format={format}

The stream endpoint returns all results without pagination, suitable for downloading complete datasets.

5. Customizing Retrieved Fields

Specify exactly which fields to retrieve for efficient data transfer.

Common fields:

• accession - UniProt accession number
• id - Entry name
• gene_names - Gene name(s)
• organism_name - Organism
• protein_name - Protein names
• sequence - Amino acid sequence
• length - Sequence length
• go_* - Gene Ontology annotations
• cc_* - Comment fields (function, interaction, etc.)
• ft_* - Feature annotations (domains, sites, etc.)

Example: https://rest.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/search?query=insulin&fields=accession,gene_names,organism_name,length,sequence&format=tsv

See /references/api_fields.md for complete field list.

Python Implementation

For programmatic access, use the provided helper script scripts/uniprot_client.py which implements:

• search_proteins(query, format) - Search UniProt with any query
• get_protein(accession, format) - Retrieve single protein entry
• map_ids(ids, from_db, to_db) - Map between identifier types
• batch_retrieve(accessions, format) - Retrieve multiple entries
• stream_results(query, format) - Stream large result sets

Alternative Python packages:

• Unipressed: Modern, typed Python client for UniProt REST API
• bioservices: Comprehensive bioinformatics web services client

Query Syntax Examples

Boolean operators:

kinase AND organism_name:human
(diabetes OR insulin) AND reviewed:true
cancer NOT lung

Field-specific searches: