Schema Designer

Follow database design principles:

• Normalize to reduce redundancy
• Use appropriate data types
• Define primary keys
• Establish foreign key relationships
• Add indexes for common queries

4. Generate DDL

Provide CREATE TABLE statements with explanations.

Data Type Guidelines

Identifiers

Text

Numbers

Dates

Boolean

Common Patterns

Users Table

CREATE TABLE users (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    email VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
    password_hash VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    name VARCHAR(100),
    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    updated_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);

CREATE INDEX idx_users_email ON users(email);

One-to-Many (Orders → Order Items)

CREATE TABLE orders (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    user_id INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id),
    status VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT 'pending',
    total NUMERIC(10,2),
    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);

CREATE TABLE order_items (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    order_id INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES orders(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    product_id INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES products(id),
    quantity INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,
    unit_price NUMERIC(10,2) NOT NULL
);

CREATE INDEX idx_order_items_order ON order_items(order_id);

Many-to-Many (Users ↔ Roles)

CREATE TABLE roles (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL UNIQUE
);

CREATE TABLE user_roles (
    user_id INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    role_id INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES roles(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    PRIMARY KEY (user_id, role_id)
);

Soft Delete Pattern

CREATE TABLE posts (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    title VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    content TEXT,
    deleted_at TIMESTAMP NULL,  -- NULL = not deleted
    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);

-- Query active posts
SELECT * FROM posts WHERE deleted_at IS NULL;

Audit Trail Pattern

CREATE TABLE audit_log (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    table_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
    record_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
    action VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,  -- INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
    old_values JSONB,
    new_values JSONB,
    user_id INTEGER REFERENCES users(id),
    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);

CREATE INDEX idx_audit_table_record ON audit_log(table_name, record_id);

Best Practices

1. Always define PRIMARY KEY - Every table needs one
2. Use foreign keys - Enforce referential integrity
3. Add NOT NULL - Unless the column is truly optional
4. Create indexes - On foreign keys and frequently queried columns
5. Use appropriate types - Don't store numbers as strings
6. Add timestamps - created_at and updated_at are almost always useful
7. Name consistently - user_id not userId or UserID
8. Avoid reserved words - Don't name columns order, user, group

Migration Safety

When modifying existing tables:

-- Safe: Adding nullable column
ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN phone VARCHAR(20);

-- Safe: Adding column with default
ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN active BOOLEAN DEFAULT true;

-- Caution: Adding NOT NULL (requires default or backfill)
ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN status VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'active';

-- Caution: Dropping column (data loss)
ALTER TABLE users DROP COLUMN old_column;

-- Caution: Changing type (may fail on existing data)
ALTER TABLE users ALTER COLUMN age TYPE INTEGER;