SQLModel Expert

# Using provided helper script
./scripts/migrate.sh create "add user table"

# Or directly with Alembic
alembic revision --autogenerate -m "add user table"
alembic upgrade head

Core Topics

1. Advanced Model Patterns

See: references/advanced-models.md

• Relationships: One-to-many, many-to-many, self-referential
• Inheritance: Single table, joined table, polymorphism
• Validation: Pydantic validators, custom constraints
• Mixins: Timestamp, soft delete, reusable patterns
• Field Types: Enums, JSON, arrays, custom types
• Indexes: Single, composite, partial indexes
• Constraints: Unique, check, foreign key cascades

2. Comprehensive Migrations

See: references/migrations.md

• Alembic Setup: Configuration, env.py for SQLModel
• Creating Migrations: Autogenerate vs manual
• Schema Changes: Add/drop columns, rename, change types
• Data Migrations: Complex data transformations
• Production Workflow: Zero-downtime migrations
• Rollback Strategies: Safe downgrade patterns
• Troubleshooting: Common issues and solutions

3. Query Optimization

See: references/queries-optimization.md

• N+1 Problem: Solutions with eager loading
• Query Patterns: Joins, aggregations, subqueries
• Performance: Indexes, batch operations, profiling
• Advanced Queries: Window functions, CTEs
• Bulk Operations: Insert, update, delete at scale
• Testing: Query counting, explain analyze

Common Patterns

One-to-Many Relationship

from typing import List
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, SQLModel

class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str

    # One team has many heroes
    heroes: List["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team")

class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str
    team_id: Optional[int] = Field(foreign_key="team.id")

    # Many heroes belong to one team
    team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")

Many-to-Many with Link Table

class HeroTeamLink(SQLModel, table=True):
    hero_id: int = Field(foreign_key="hero.id", primary_key=True)
    team_id: int = Field(foreign_key="team.id", primary_key=True)
    joined_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=datetime.utcnow)

class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str
    teams: List["Team"] = Relationship(
        back_populates="heroes",
        link_model=HeroTeamLink
    )

class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str
    heroes: List[Hero] = Relationship(
        back_populates="teams",
        link_model=HeroTeamLink
    )

Solving N+1 Query Problem

from sqlalchemy.orm import selectinload

# BAD - N+1 queries
users = session.exec(select(User)).all()
for user in users:
    posts = user.posts  # Each triggers a query!

# GOOD - Eager loading (2 queries total)
statement = select(User).options(selectinload(User.posts))
users = session.exec(statement).all()
for user in users:
    posts = user.posts  # No additional query!

Creating a Migration

# 1. Modify your model
class User(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    email: str
    phone: str  # New field added

# 2. Generate migration
# alembic revision --autogenerate -m "add phone to user"

# 3. Review generated migration
def upgrade() -> None:
    op.add_column('user', sa.Column('phone', sa.String(), nullable=True))

def downgrade() -> None:
    op.drop_column('user', 'phone')

# 4. Apply migration
# alembic upgrade head

Migration Helper Scripts

Initialize Database

python scripts/init_db.py --url postgresql://user:pass@localhost/db

Migration Operations

./scripts/migrate.sh init              # Initialize Alembic
./scripts/migrate.sh create "message"  # Create migration
./scripts/migrate.sh upgrade           # Apply migrations
./scripts/migrate.sh downgrade         # Rollback one
./scripts/migrate.sh current           # Show current
./scripts/migrate.sh history           # Show history
./scripts/migrate.sh test              # Test up & down

Example Models

Use the example models in assets/example-models.py as templates:

• User model with timestamp mixin
• Task model with enums and relationships
• Team model with many-to-many
• Tag system with link tables
• Separate read/write/update models

Copy to your project:

cp assets/example-models.py your-project/app/models.py

Best Practices Checklist

Model Design

• Use type hints for all fields
• Separate read/write/update models
• Use mixins for common fields (timestamps, soft delete)
• Define indexes on foreign keys and frequently queried columns
• Use enums for constrained choices
• Implement proper validation with Pydantic validators

Relationships

• Use back_populates for bidirectional relationships
• Create explicit link tables for many-to-many
• Consider cascade delete behavior
• Use eager loading to prevent N+1 queries
• Index foreign key columns

Migrations

• Always review autogenerated migrations
• One logical change per migration
• Test both upgrade and downgrade
• Use descriptive migration names
• Never edit applied migrations
• Add data migrations when changing schemas
• Backup database before production migrations

Query Optimization

• Use eager loading (selectinload) for relationships
• Select only needed columns
• Use indexes for WHERE/ORDER BY columns
• Batch operations instead of loops
• Profile slow queries
• Use connection pooling

Troubleshooting Guide

Migration Issues

Problem: Alembic doesn't detect model changes

# Solution: Ensure models are imported in env.py
from app.models import User, Task, Team  # Import all models
target_metadata = SQLModel.metadata

Problem: Failed migration

# Check current state
alembic current

# Manually fix issue, then stamp
alembic stamp head

# Or downgrade and retry
alembic downgrade -1
alembic upgrade head

Query Performance

Problem: Slow queries

# Enable query logging
logging.getLogger('sqlalchemy.engine').setLevel(logging.INFO)

# Use EXPLAIN ANALYZE
explain = session.exec(text("EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT ...")).all()

# Profile queries
# See references/queries-optimization.md for detailed patterns

Problem: N+1 queries

# Use selectinload
statement = select(User).options(selectinload(User.posts))

# Or joinedload
from sqlalchemy.orm import joinedload
statement = select(User).options(joinedload(User.posts))

Production Workflow

Development

1. Modify SQLModel models
2. Generate migration: ./scripts/migrate.sh create "description"
3. Review generated migration file
4. Test migration: ./scripts/migrate.sh test
5. Commit migration file

Staging

1. Deploy application code
2. Run migrations: alembic upgrade head
3. Verify data integrity
4. Test application

Production

1. Backup database: pg_dump mydb > backup.sql
2. Deploy in maintenance window
3. Run migrations: alembic upgrade head
4. Monitor logs and metrics
5. Verify application functionality

Zero-Downtime Migration Strategy

For large production databases:

# Phase 1: Add new column (nullable)
def upgrade():
    op.add_column('user', sa.Column('new_email', sa.String(), nullable=True))

# Deploy app version that writes to both columns

# Phase 2: Backfill data
def upgrade():
    op.execute("UPDATE user SET new_email = email WHERE new_email IS NULL")

# Phase 3: Make non-nullable
def upgrade():
    op.alter_column('user', 'new_email', nullable=False)

# Deploy app version that reads from new column

# Phase 4: Drop old column
def upgrade():
    op.drop_column('user', 'email')

Additional Resources

• Advanced Patterns: See references/advanced-models.md for inheritance, polymorphism, composite keys
• Migration Guide: See references/migrations.md for Alembic mastery
• Query Optimization: See references/queries-optimization.md for performance tuning

This skill provides everything needed for professional SQLModel development and database management.