Define custom distance/similarity metrics for clustering and ML algorithms. Use when working with DBSCAN, sklearn, or scipy distance functions with application-specific metrics.
Custom distance metrics allow you to define application-specific notions of similarity or distance between data points.
sklearn's DBSCAN accepts a callable as the metric parameter:
from sklearn.cluster import DBSCAN
def my_distance(point_a, point_b):
"""Custom distance between two points."""
# point_a and point_b are 1D arrays
return some_calculation(point_a, point_b)
db = DBSCAN(eps=5, min_samples=3, metric=my_distance)
To use a distance function with configurable parameters, use a closure or factory function:
def create_weighted_distance(weight_x, weight_y):
"""Create a distance function with specific weights."""
def distance(a, b):
dx = a[0] - b[0]
dy = a[1] - b[1]
return np.sqrt((weight_x * dx)**2 + (weight_y * dy)**2)
return distance
# Create distances with different weights
dist_equal = create_weighted_distance(1.0, 1.0)
dist_x_heavy = create_weighted_distance(2.0, 0.5)
# Use with DBSCAN
db = DBSCAN(eps=10, min_samples=3, metric=dist_x_heavy)
As an example, Manhattan distance (L1 norm) can be parameterized with a scale factor:
def create_manhattan_distance(scale=1.0):
"""
Manhattan distance with optional scaling.
Measures distance as sum of absolute differences.
This is just one example - you can design custom metrics for your specific needs.
"""
def distance(a, b):
return scale * (abs(a[0] - b[0]) + abs(a[1] - b[1]))
return distance
# Use with DBSCAN
manhattan_metric = create_manhattan_distance(scale=1.5)
db = DBSCAN(eps=10, min_samples=3, metric=manhattan_metric)
For computing distance matrices efficiently:
from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist, pdist, squareform
# Custom distance for cdist
def custom_metric(u, v):
return np.sqrt(np.sum((u - v)**2))
# Distance matrix between two sets of points
dist_matrix = cdist(points_a, points_b, metric=custom_metric)
# Pairwise distances within one set
pairwise = pdist(points, metric=custom_metric)
dist_matrix = squareform(pairwise)