Wheels Migration Generator

CORRECT:

# Wheels looks for migrations here
app/migrator/migrations/20251022072809_CreateUsers.cfc  ✅ Correct!

❌ ANTI-PATTERN 2: timestamps() Includes deletedAt

WRONG:

t.datetime(columnNames="deletedAt", allowNull=true);
t.timestamps();  // ❌ Creates duplicate deletedAt!

CORRECT:

t.timestamps();  // ✅ Includes createdAt, updatedAt, AND deletedAt

Note: Wheels t.timestamps() automatically adds:

• createdAt (datetime, NOT NULL)
• updatedAt (datetime, NOT NULL)
• deletedAt (datetime, NULL) - for soft delete support

❌ ANTI-PATTERN 3: Database-Specific Date Functions

NEVER use database-specific functions like DATE_SUB(), NOW(), CURDATE()!

WRONG:

execute("INSERT INTO posts (publishedAt) VALUES (DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL 1 DAY))");  ❌ MySQL only!

CORRECT:

var pastDate = DateAdd("d", -1, Now());
execute("INSERT INTO posts (publishedAt) VALUES (TIMESTAMP '#DateFormat(pastDate, "yyyy-mm-dd")# #TimeFormat(pastDate, "HH:mm:ss")#')");  ✅ Cross-database!

Migration Structure

Basic Migration Template

component extends="wheels.migrator.Migration" {

    function up() {
        transaction {
            try {
                // Your migration code here

            } catch (any e) {
                local.exception = e;
            }

            if (StructKeyExists(local, "exception")) {
                transaction action="rollback";
                Throw(
                    errorCode="1",
                    detail=local.exception.detail,
                    message=local.exception.message,
                    type="any"
                );
            } else {
                transaction action="commit";
            }
        }
    }

    function down() {
        // Rollback code here
    }
}

Create Table Migration

component extends="wheels.migrator.Migration" {

    function up() {
        transaction {
            try {
                // Create table
                t = createTable(name="posts", force=false);

                // String columns
                t.string(columnNames="title", allowNull=false, limit=200);
                t.string(columnNames="slug", allowNull=false, limit=200);

                // Text columns
                t.text(columnNames="content", allowNull=false);
                t.text(columnNames="excerpt", allowNull=true);

                // Integer columns
                t.integer(columnNames="viewCount", default=0);
                t.integer(columnNames="userId", allowNull=false);

                // Boolean columns
                t.boolean(columnNames="published", default=false);

                // DateTime columns
                t.datetime(columnNames="publishedAt", allowNull=true);

                // Timestamps (createdAt, updatedAt)
                t.timestamps();

                // Create the table
                t.create();

                // Add indexes
                addIndex(table="posts", columnNames="slug", unique=true);
                addIndex(table="posts", columnNames="userId");
                addIndex(table="posts", columnNames="published,publishedAt");

                // Add foreign key
                addForeignKey(
                    table="posts",
                    referenceTable="users",
                    column="userId",
                    referenceColumn="id",
                    onDelete="cascade"
                );

            } catch (any e) {
                local.exception = e;
            }

            if (StructKeyExists(local, "exception")) {
                transaction action="rollback";
                Throw(
                    errorCode="1",
                    detail=local.exception.detail,
                    message=local.exception.message,
                    type="any"
                );
            } else {
                transaction action="commit";
            }
        }
    }

    function down() {
        dropTable("posts");
    }
}

Alter Table Migration

component extends="wheels.migrator.Migration" {

    function up() {
        transaction {
            try {
                // Add column
                addColumn(
                    table="posts",
                    columnType="string",
                    columnName="metaDescription",
                    limit=300,
                    allowNull=true
                );

                // Change column
                changeColumn(
                    table="posts",
                    columnName="title",
                    columnType="string",
                    limit=255,  // Changed from 200
                    allowNull=false
                );

                // Rename column
                renameColumn(
                    table="posts",
                    oldColumnName="summary",
                    newColumnName="excerpt"
                );

                // Remove column
                removeColumn(table="posts", columnName="oldField");

                // Add index
                addIndex(table="posts", columnNames="metaDescription");

            } catch (any e) {
                local.exception = e;
            }

            if (StructKeyExists(local, "exception")) {
                transaction action="rollback";
                Throw(
                    errorCode="1",
                    detail=local.exception.detail,
                    message=local.exception.message,
                    type="any"
                );
            } else {
                transaction action="commit";
            }
        }
    }

    function down() {
        removeColumn(table="posts", columnName="metaDescription");
        // Reverse other changes...
    }
}

Data Migration (Seed Data)

Database-Agnostic Date Formatting

component extends="wheels.migrator.Migration" {

    function up() {
        transaction {
            try {
                // CORRECT: Use CFML date functions
                var now = Now();
                var day1 = DateAdd("d", -7, now);
                var day2 = DateAdd("d", -6, now);
                var day3 = DateAdd("d", -5, now);

                // Format dates for SQL
                var nowFormatted = "TIMESTAMP '#DateFormat(now, "yyyy-mm-dd")# #TimeFormat(now, "HH:mm:ss")#'";
                var day1Formatted = "TIMESTAMP '#DateFormat(day1, "yyyy-mm-dd")# #TimeFormat(day1, "HH:mm:ss")#'";
                var day2Formatted = "TIMESTAMP '#DateFormat(day2, "yyyy-mm-dd")# #TimeFormat(day2, "HH:mm:ss")#'";

                // Insert data
                execute("
                    INSERT INTO posts (title, slug, content, published, publishedAt, createdAt, updatedAt)
                    VALUES (
                        'Getting Started with HTMX',
                        'getting-started-with-htmx',
                        '<p>HTMX is a modern approach to building web applications...</p>',
                        1,
                        #day1Formatted#,
                        #day1Formatted#,
                        #day1Formatted#
                    )
                ");

                execute("
                    INSERT INTO posts (title, slug, content, published, publishedAt, createdAt, updatedAt)
                    VALUES (
                        'Tailwind CSS Best Practices',
                        'tailwind-css-best-practices',
                        '<p>Tailwind provides utility-first CSS...</p>',
                        1,
                        #day2Formatted#,
                        #day2Formatted#,
                        #day2Formatted#
                    )
                ");

            } catch (any e) {
                local.exception = e;
            }

            if (StructKeyExists(local, "exception")) {
                transaction action="rollback";
                Throw(
                    errorCode="1",
                    detail=local.exception.detail,
                    message=local.exception.message,
                    type="any"
                );
            } else {
                transaction action="commit";
            }
        }
    }

    function down() {
        execute("DELETE FROM posts WHERE slug IN ('getting-started-with-htmx', 'tailwind-css-best-practices')");
    }
}

Column Types

Available Column Types

// String (VARCHAR)
t.string(columnNames="name", limit=255, allowNull=false, default="");

// Text (TEXT/CLOB)
t.text(columnNames="description", allowNull=true);

// Integer
t.integer(columnNames="count", default=0, allowNull=false);

// Big Integer
t.biginteger(columnNames="largeNumber");

// Float
t.float(columnNames="rating", default=0.0);

// Decimal
t.decimal(columnNames="price", precision=10, scale=2);

// Boolean
t.boolean(columnNames="active", default=true);

// Date
t.date(columnNames="birthDate");

// DateTime
t.datetime(columnNames="publishedAt");

// Time
t.time(columnNames="startTime");

// Binary
t.binary(columnNames="fileData");

// UUID
t.string(columnNames="uuid", limit=36);

// Timestamps (adds createdAt and updatedAt)
t.timestamps();

🚨 Production-Tested Critical Fixes

1. CLI Generator Boolean Parameter Bug (CRITICAL)

🔴 CRITICAL DISCOVERY: The CLI generator wheels g migration creates migrations with string boolean values instead of actual booleans, causing silent failures.

Problem Generated by CLI:

// ❌ CLI generates this - STRING values that don't work!
t = createTable(name='users', force='false', id='true', primaryKey='id');

Symptoms:

• Migration reports success but table isn't created correctly
• "NoPrimaryKey" errors even though migration succeeded
• Primary key not properly configured in database
• Wheels ORM can't find primary key column

✅ SOLUTION: Simplify to Use Defaults

// Remove all explicit boolean parameters - let Wheels use defaults
t = createTable(name='users');  // That's it!
t.string(columnNames='username', allowNull=false, limit='50');
t.timestamps();
t.create();

Why This Works:

• Wheels createTable() has correct default behavior
• Explicit string booleans ('false', 'true') break the logic
• Omitting parameters lets Wheels handle it correctly
• Default: creates 'id' as primary key automatically

MANDATORY Post-CLI-Generation Fix:

// 1. Find this pattern in generated migration:
t = createTable(name='tablename', force='false', id='true', primaryKey='id');

// 2. Replace with:
t = createTable(name='tablename');

Rule:

✅ MANDATORY: After CLI generation, remove force/id/primaryKey parameters from createTable()
❌ NEVER use string boolean values: 'false', 'true'
✅ Use actual booleans IF needed: false, true (but defaults are better)

2. Migration Development Workflow

🔴 LESSON LEARNED: When migrations fail or you need to iterate, always reset before running latest.

Standard Development Workflow:

# 1. Generate migration
wheels g migration CreateUsersTable

# 2. Edit migration file (fix CLI-generated issues!)

# 3. ALWAYS reset before running during development
wheels dbmigrate reset   # Drops all tables, clean slate
wheels dbmigrate latest  # Run all migrations fresh

# 4. If migration fails, fix it then:
wheels dbmigrate reset   # Reset again
wheels dbmigrate latest  # Try again

Why Reset is Important:

• Failed migrations may leave partial tables
• Partial tables prevent subsequent migrations from running
• Reset ensures clean database state
• Catches migration errors early

Production Workflow (Different!):

# In production, NEVER reset!
wheels dbmigrate latest  # Only run new migrations

3. Composite Index Ordering (CRITICAL)

❌ WRONG ORDER - Causes Index Conflicts:

addIndex(table="likes", columnNames="userId");      // ❌ Creates duplicate
addIndex(table="likes", columnNames="tweetId");
addIndex(table="likes", columnNames="userId,tweetId", unique=true);

✅ CORRECT ORDER - Composite First:

// Composite index FIRST - it covers queries on the first column too!
addIndex(table="likes", columnNames="userId,tweetId", unique=true);
// Then add index for second column only
addIndex(table="likes", columnNames="tweetId");

Why: A composite index on (userId, tweetId) can be used for queries filtering by userId alone, making a separate userId index redundant.

2. Foreign Key Naming for Self-Referential Tables

Problem: Multiple foreign keys to the same table generate duplicate constraint names in H2:

// ❌ Both try to create "FK_FOLLOWS_USERS" - conflict!
addForeignKey(table="follows", referenceTable="users", column="followerId")
addForeignKey(table="follows", referenceTable="users", column="followingId")

Solution A: Explicit Key Names (Preferred for Production)

addForeignKey(
    table="follows",
    referenceTable="users",
    column="followerId",
    referenceColumn="id",
    keyName="FK_follows_follower",  // Explicit unique name
    onDelete="cascade"
);

addForeignKey(
    table="follows",
    referenceTable="users",
    column="followingId",
    referenceColumn="id",
    keyName="FK_follows_following",  // Different unique name
    onDelete="cascade"
);

Solution B: Skip Foreign Keys (Acceptable for Development)

// Rely on application-layer validation instead
// Indexes provide query performance, foreign keys are optional
addIndex(table="follows", columnNames="followerId,followingId", unique=true);
addIndex(table="follows", columnNames="followingId");
// Note: Foreign keys omitted to avoid H2 naming conflicts
// Application validates referential integrity

3. Migration Retry with force=true

When migrations fail mid-transaction (common during development):

// Use force=true to drop and recreate if table exists
t = createTable(name="likes", force=true);  // Drops existing table first

When to use:

• ✅ After failed migration leaves partial tables
• ✅ During development when iterating on schema
• ❌ NOT recommended for production (use proper versioning)

4. Join Table Pattern

For many-to-many relationships (e.g., likes, follows):

t = createTable(name="likes", force=true);
t.integer(columnNames="userId", allowNull=false);
t.integer(columnNames="tweetId", allowNull=false);
t.datetime(columnNames="createdAt", allowNull=false);  // Track when relationship created
t.create();

// IMPORTANT: Composite unique index FIRST
addIndex(table="likes", columnNames="userId,tweetId", unique=true);
addIndex(table="likes", columnNames="tweetId");  // For reverse lookups

Index Management

// Simple index
addIndex(table="posts", columnNames="title");

// Unique index
addIndex(table="posts", columnNames="slug", unique=true);

// Composite index
addIndex(table="posts", columnNames="published,publishedAt");

// Remove index
removeIndex(table="posts", indexName="idx_posts_title");

Foreign Key Management

// Add foreign key
addForeignKey(
    table="posts",
    referenceTable="users",
    column="userId",
    referenceColumn="id",
    onDelete="cascade",  // Options: cascade, setNull, setDefault, restrict
    onUpdate="cascade"
);

// Remove foreign key
removeForeignKey(table="posts", keyName="fk_posts_userId");

Join Table Migration

component extends="wheels.migrator.Migration" {

    function up() {
        transaction {
            try {
                // Create join table for many-to-many
                t = createTable(name="postTags", force=false);
                t.integer(columnNames="postId", allowNull=false);
                t.integer(columnNames="tagId", allowNull=false);
                t.timestamps();
                t.create();

                // Add indexes
                addIndex(table="postTags", columnNames="postId");
                addIndex(table="postTags", columnNames="tagId");
                addIndex(table="postTags", columnNames="postId,tagId", unique=true);

                // Add foreign keys
                addForeignKey(
                    table="postTags",
                    referenceTable="posts",
                    column="postId",
                    referenceColumn="id",
                    onDelete="cascade"
                );

                addForeignKey(
                    table="postTags",
                    referenceTable="tags",
                    column="tagId",
                    referenceColumn="id",
                    onDelete="cascade"
                );

            } catch (any e) {
                local.exception = e;
            }

            if (StructKeyExists(local, "exception")) {
                transaction action="rollback";
                Throw(
                    errorCode="1",
                    detail=local.exception.detail,
                    message=local.exception.message,
                    type="any"
                );
            } else {
                transaction action="commit";
            }
        }
    }

    function down() {
        dropTable("postTags");
    }
}

Implementation Checklist

When generating a migration:

• Extends wheels.migrator.Migration
• Wrapped in transaction block
• Try/catch for error handling
• Rollback on exception
• Commit on success
• Use CFML date functions (NOT SQL date functions)
• Format dates with DateFormat/TimeFormat
• Include down() method for rollback
• Add appropriate indexes
• Add foreign keys where needed
• Use database-agnostic column types

Common Patterns

Adding Soft Delete

addColumn(
    table="posts",
    columnType="datetime",
    columnName="deletedAt",
    allowNull=true
);
addIndex(table="posts", columnNames="deletedAt");

Adding Full Text Search

// Add column for search
addColumn(
    table="posts",
    columnType="text",
    columnName="searchContent",
    allowNull=true
);

// Create search index (database-specific, document it)
// For PostgreSQL: CREATE INDEX ... USING GIN
// For MySQL: CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX

Adding Versioning

addColumn(table="posts", columnType="integer", columnName="version", default=1);
addColumn(table="posts", columnType="integer", columnName="lockVersion", default=0);

Migration Commands

# Create new migration
wheels g migration CreatePostsTable

# Run pending migrations
wheels dbmigrate latest

# Run single migration
wheels dbmigrate up

# Rollback last migration
wheels dbmigrate down

# Show migration status
wheels dbmigrate info

Related Skills

• wheels-model-generator: Creates models for tables
• wheels-anti-pattern-detector: Validates migration code

Generated by: Wheels Migration Generator Skill v1.0 Framework: CFWheels 3.0+ Last Updated: 2025-10-20