Google Scholar Guide

Constructing Effective Queries

def build_scholar_query(concepts: list[list[str]], exclude: list[str] = None,
                         title_only: bool = False, author: str = None,
                         source: str = None) -> str:
    """
    Build a structured Google Scholar query from concept groups.

    Args:
        concepts: List of concept groups, each a list of synonyms
                  Groups are ANDed together, synonyms are ORed
        exclude: Terms to exclude
        title_only: Search in title only
        author: Author name filter
        source: Journal/source filter
    Returns:
        Formatted Google Scholar query string
    """
    # Build concept groups with OR
    groups = []
    for concept_group in concepts:
        if len(concept_group) == 1:
            groups.append(f'"{concept_group[0]}"')
        else:
            terms = ' OR '.join(f'"{term}"' for term in concept_group)
            groups.append(f'({terms})')

    # AND the concept groups together
    query = ' '.join(groups)

    # Apply title restriction
    if title_only:
        query = f'intitle:{query}'

    # Add exclusions
    if exclude:
        for term in exclude:
            query += f' -{term}'

    # Add author filter
    if author:
        query += f' author:"{author}"'

    # Add source filter
    if source:
        query += f' source:"{source}"'

    return query

# Example: find papers on transfer learning for medical imaging
query = build_scholar_query(
    concepts=[
        ["transfer learning", "domain adaptation", "fine-tuning"],
        ["medical imaging", "radiology", "pathology images"],
        ["deep learning", "convolutional neural network"]
    ],
    exclude=["survey", "review"],
    title_only=False
)
print(query)
# Output: ("transfer learning" OR "domain adaptation" OR "fine-tuning")
#         ("medical imaging" OR "radiology" OR "pathology images")
#         ("deep learning" OR "convolutional neural network") -survey -review

Citation Tracking Strategies

Forward and Backward Citation Chaining

Seed Paper (a highly relevant paper you already know)
  |
  +--> "Cited by" link -> Forward citation tracking
  |    (who cited this paper? newer related work)
  |
  +--> Reference list -> Backward citation tracking
       (what did this paper cite? foundational work)

Repeat for each highly relevant paper found.
Stop when you reach saturation (no new relevant papers appearing).

Identifying Key Papers

Use citation metrics strategically:

def identify_key_papers(search_results: list[dict],
                         min_citations: int = 10) -> list[dict]:
    """
    Identify key papers from search results using citation analysis.

    Args:
        search_results: List of papers with 'title', 'year', 'citations'
        min_citations: Minimum citation threshold
    """
    import datetime
    current_year = datetime.datetime.now().year

    for paper in search_results:
        age = max(1, current_year - paper['year'])
        paper['citations_per_year'] = paper['citations'] / age

        # Classify influence
        if paper['citations_per_year'] > 50:
            paper['influence'] = 'landmark'
        elif paper['citations_per_year'] > 20:
            paper['influence'] = 'highly_influential'
        elif paper['citations_per_year'] > 5:
            paper['influence'] = 'influential'
        else:
            paper['influence'] = 'standard'

    # Filter and sort
    filtered = [p for p in search_results if p['citations'] >= min_citations]
    return sorted(filtered, key=lambda x: x['citations_per_year'], reverse=True)

Google Scholar Alerts

Set up alerts to stay current:

1. Go to Google Scholar and run your search query
2. Click "Create alert" in the left sidebar
3. Configure email frequency (as-it-happens or weekly digest)
4. Use the same carefully constructed query from your search strategy

Best practices for alerts:

• Create separate alerts for each major concept group
• Use narrow, specific queries to reduce noise (10-20 results per alert is ideal)
• Review and refine alert queries quarterly

Google Scholar Profiles

Leveraging Author Profiles

• Follow prolific researchers in your field to get notifications of their new publications
• Use the "Related articles" feature on author profile pages
• Check co-author networks to discover related research groups
• The h-index and i10-index on profiles can help gauge researcher impact, but use with caution across different fields

Limitations and Complementary Databases

Google Scholar has known limitations:

• No controlled vocabulary or MeSH terms (unlike PubMed)
• Cannot filter by study design or methodology
• Includes non-peer-reviewed sources (preprints, theses, slides)
• Citation counts may include self-citations and non-scholarly citations

For systematic reviews, always supplement Google Scholar with structured databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and domain-specific databases (e.g., IEEE Xplore, PsycINFO, EconLit). Document the number of results from each database for your PRISMA flow diagram.