Use functional setState updates to prevent stale closures and unnecessary callback recreations. Apply when updating state based on the current state value in React components.
When updating state based on the current state value, use the functional update form of setState instead of directly referencing the state variable. This prevents stale closures, eliminates unnecessary dependencies, and creates stable callback references.
Incorrect (requires state as dependency):
function TodoList() {
const [items, setItems] = useState(initialItems)
// Callback must depend on items, recreated on every items change
const addItems = useCallback((newItems: Item[]) => {
setItems([...items, ...newItems])
}, [items]) // items dependency causes recreations
// Risk of stale closure if dependency is forgotten
const removeItem = useCallback((id: string) => {
setItems(items.filter(item => item.id !== id))
}, []) // Missing items dependency - will use stale items!
return <ItemsEditor items={items} onAdd={addItems} onRemove={removeItem} />
}
The first callback is recreated every time items changes, which can cause child components to re-render unnecessarily. The second callback has a stale closure bug—it will always reference the initial value.
itemsCorrect (stable callbacks, no stale closures):
function TodoList() {
const [items, setItems] = useState(initialItems)
// Stable callback, never recreated
const addItems = useCallback((newItems: Item[]) => {
setItems(curr => [...curr, ...newItems])
}, []) // No dependencies needed
// Always uses latest state, no stale closure risk
const removeItem = useCallback((id: string) => {
setItems(curr => curr.filter(item => item.id !== id))
}, []) // Safe and stable
return <ItemsEditor items={items} onAdd={addItems} onRemove={removeItem} />
}
Benefits:
When to use functional updates:
When direct updates are fine:
setCount(0)setName(newName)Note: If your project has React Compiler enabled, the compiler can automatically optimize some cases, but functional updates are still recommended for correctness and to prevent stale closure bugs.