Zod 4

const userSchema = z.object({
  id: z.uuid(),
  email: z.email({ error: "Invalid email address" }),
  name: z.string().min(1, { error: "Name is required" }),
  age: z.number().int().positive().optional(),
  role: z.enum(["admin", "user", "guest"]),
  metadata: z.record(z.string(), z.unknown()).optional(),
});

type User = z.infer<typeof userSchema>;

// Parsing
const user = userSchema.parse(data);  // Throws on error
const result = userSchema.safeParse(data);  // Returns { success, data/error }

if (result.success) {
  console.log(result.data);
} else {
  console.log(result.error.issues);
}

Arrays and Records

// Arrays
const tagsSchema = z.array(z.string()).min(1).max(10);
const numbersSchema = z.array(z.number()).nonempty();

// Records (objects with dynamic keys)
const scoresSchema = z.record(z.string(), z.number());
// { [key: string]: number }

// Tuples
const coordinatesSchema = z.tuple([z.number(), z.number()]);
// [number, number]

Unions and Discriminated Unions

// Simple union
const stringOrNumber = z.union([z.string(), z.number()]);

// Discriminated union (more efficient)
const resultSchema = z.discriminatedUnion("status", [
  z.object({ status: z.literal("success"), data: z.unknown() }),
  z.object({ status: z.literal("error"), error: z.string() }),
]);

Transformations

// Transform during parsing
const lowercaseEmail = z.email().transform(email => email.toLowerCase());

// Coercion (convert types)
const numberFromString = z.coerce.number();  // "42" → 42
const dateFromString = z.coerce.date();      // "2024-01-01" → Date

// Preprocessing
const trimmedString = z.preprocess(
  val => typeof val === "string" ? val.trim() : val,
  z.string()
);

Refinements

const passwordSchema = z.string()
  .min(8)
  .refine(val => /[A-Z]/.test(val), {
    message: "Must contain uppercase letter",
  })
  .refine(val => /[0-9]/.test(val), {
    message: "Must contain number",
  });

// With superRefine for multiple errors
const formSchema = z.object({
  password: z.string(),
  confirmPassword: z.string(),
}).superRefine((data, ctx) => {
  if (data.password !== data.confirmPassword) {
    ctx.addIssue({
      code: z.ZodIssueCode.custom,
      message: "Passwords don't match",
      path: ["confirmPassword"],
    });
  }
});

Optional and Nullable

// Optional (T | undefined)
z.string().optional()

// Nullable (T | null)
z.string().nullable()

// Both (T | null | undefined)
z.string().nullish()

// Default values
z.string().default("unknown")
z.number().default(() => Math.random())

Error Handling

// Zod 4: Use 'error' param instead of 'message'
const schema = z.object({
  name: z.string({ error: "Name must be a string" }),
  email: z.email({ error: "Invalid email format" }),
  age: z.number().min(18, { error: "Must be 18 or older" }),
});

// Custom error map
const customSchema = z.string({
  error: (issue) => {
    if (issue.code === "too_small") {
      return "String is too short";
    }
    return "Invalid string";
  },
});

React Hook Form Integration

import { useForm } from "react-hook-form";
import { zodResolver } from "@hookform/resolvers/zod";

const schema = z.object({
  email: z.email(),
  password: z.string().min(8),
});

type FormData = z.infer<typeof schema>;

function Form() {
  const { register, handleSubmit, formState: { errors } } = useForm<FormData>({
    resolver: zodResolver(schema),
  });

  return (
    <form onSubmit={handleSubmit(onSubmit)}>
      <input {...register("email")} />
      {errors.email && <span>{errors.email.message}</span>}
    </form>
  );
}