Research with Confidence

Confidence levels

Label claims explicitly when the stakes matter:

Never present a "Possible" or "Unknown" as "Confirmed". Resist the urge to fill gaps with confident-sounding guesses.

Distinguishing types of claims

Different claims need different verification approaches:

Factual / current state (library version, API behavior, pricing):

• Must be verified against primary sources
• Has a shelf life — note when the information was gathered
• Example: "As of April 2026, the latest stable release is..."

Conceptual / structural (how a system works, design patterns):

• Can be reasoned from first principles + verified against docs
• Less time-sensitive, more stable
• Example: "JWT tokens work by encoding a signed payload..."

Comparative / evaluative (A vs B, which is better):

• Requires defining the evaluation criteria explicitly
• Different answers for different contexts — state the context
• Example: "For read-heavy workloads under 1M requests/day, Postgres is typically preferred because..."

Predictive (what will happen, what will work):

• Highest uncertainty category — present as estimate with reasoning
• Example: "Based on current trajectory, I'd estimate..."

Red flags to pause and verify

Stop and check before asserting when:

• The claim involves a specific version number, date, or price
• The claim is about a library or API that has changed recently
• The claim contradicts something the user has said
• The claim is in a domain where you know your training data may be outdated
• The claim sounds exactly right without any caveats — that's often when it's wrong

This skill also provides the /research-with-confidence-investigate slash command for direct invocation — see commands/research-with-confidence-investigate.md.

Structuring the output

## Findings: [Question]

**Summary:** [1-2 sentence answer at the right confidence level]

**Confirmed:**
- [Claim] (source: [where you verified])
- [Claim] (source: [where you verified])

**Likely / inferred:**
- [Claim] (reasoning: [why you think this])

**Unknown / not verified:**
- [Gap] — [what the user would need to check to fill it]

**Note:** This research was conducted on [date]. [X] may have changed
since then — verify against [source] if currency matters.

Gotchas

Agent-specific failure modes — provider-neutral pause-and-self-check items:

• Presenting inferences as confirmed facts. The most common research failure: stating a plausible-sounding claim without checking it. Before finalizing any factual claim, ask: "Did I actually verify this in a source, or am I inferring it from general knowledge?" Label accordingly.
• Citing sources without checking whether the source confirms the claim. Attaching a URL to a claim is not verification — the URL must actually support the specific claim. A document that discusses a topic tangentially does not confirm a specific fact from it. Read the source; don't cite by proximity.
• Not dating time-sensitive information. API behavior, library versions, pricing, and company policies change. Any claim in these categories must be dated: "As of [month year]..." If you cannot establish when the information was current, say so.
• Treating absence of contradicting information as confirmation. Not finding evidence against a claim is not the same as finding evidence for it. If you searched and found nothing disconfirming, report it as "no contradicting evidence found" — not as "confirmed."
• Skipping the residual uncertainty summary. Research that ends with a conclusion without noting what was not verified gives the user false confidence. Always end with: what was confirmed, what could not be confirmed, and what the user should validate independently if stakes are high.
• Stopping research as soon as the first plausible answer appears. A quick hit on a credible-looking source feels like a complete answer but often isn't. At minimum, check whether a second source agrees, whether the source is primary, and whether the claim is still current.
• Expressing calibrated uncertainty in ways that sound like hedging. "It's possible that maybe perhaps..." reads as unhelpful vagueness. Use specific labels ("Likely", "Confirmed", "Unknown") with brief reasoning, not stacked qualifiers. Honesty about uncertainty is valuable; vague waffling is not.

Full reference

Research tools and when to use them

Cross-referencing checklist

Before presenting research findings:

• Each claim has a source label (or is marked as inference)
• Time-sensitive claims are dated
• The most important claims are verified against primary sources
• Contradictions between sources are noted and reasoned about
• What I don't know is explicitly listed

Handling conflicting sources

When two authoritative sources disagree:

1. Note both sources and their positions
2. Check publication date — prefer more recent
3. Check which is closer to primary (official docs > blog post)
4. If still conflicting, present both and note the conflict
5. Do not silently pick one — the conflict is itself useful information