Expert-level soft robotics covering soft actuators, compliant mechanisms, continuum robots, soft sensors, fabrication methods, and bio-inspired design.
PneuNets: pneumatic networks of chambers, bending motion from inflation. McKibben muscles: braided pneumatic actuator, contracts under pressure. DEA: dielectric elastomer actuator, voltage-driven area expansion. SMA: shape memory alloy, thermally activated contraction and bending. Hydraulically amplified: HASEL actuators, electrically driven hydraulic pumping.
No rigid links: continuous flexible backbone, bends throughout length. Tendon-driven: cables routed through structure, tension creates bending. Concentric tube: nested pre-curved tubes, rotation controls shape. Applications: endoscopic surgery, inspection in confined spaces. Modeling: Cosserat rod theory, constant curvature assumption for simplicity.
Distributed compliance: flexibility spread throughout structure. PRBM: pseudo-rigid body model approximates flexible beam as rigid links with joints. Topology optimization: design structure to achieve desired compliance distribution. Living hinges: thin flexible sections allowing rotation in injection molded parts.
Silicone casting: most common for pneumatic soft robots, multi-part molds. 3D printing: FDM with flexible filaments, PolyJet for multi-material. 4D printing: printed structures change shape when triggered by heat or moisture. Origami and kirigami: paper-folding inspired structures for deployable designs.
| Pitfall | Fix |
|---|---|
| Underestimating material nonlinearity | Use hyperelastic models not linear elasticity |
| Air leaks in pneumatic systems | Test each channel before assembly |
| Ignoring gravity effects | Soft robots deform significantly under own weight |
| Poor mold design causing demolding failures | Add draft angles and parting line carefully |