Reentrancy Pattern Analysis

• Reentrancy frequently appears in composition paths (flash loans, callbacks, multi-function interactions), not just in a single obvious withdraw function.
• Cross-function state sharing remains a recurring root cause when one path is guarded and another mutates the same state without equivalent protection.
• Callback-aware token integrations continue to create hidden reentry windows, especially where accounting updates trail transfer/call boundaries.
• Read-only dependency surfaces can still be exploited when stale values are consumed by downstream protocols during callback windows.

Core Concept: The CEI Invariant

Checks-Effects-Interactions (CEI) is the fundamental safety pattern:

1. CHECKS   — Validate all conditions (require statements, access control)
2. EFFECTS  — Update all state variables
3. INTERACTIONS — Make external calls (ETH transfers, token calls, cross-contract)

Any function that performs INTERACTIONS before completing all EFFECTS is potentially vulnerable to reentrancy.

The Five Reentrancy Variants

Variant 1: Classic Single-Function Reentrancy

The original and most well-known pattern. A function makes an external call before updating its own state, allowing the callee to re-enter the same function.

// VULNERABLE
function withdraw(uint256 amount) public {
    require(balances[msg.sender] >= amount);
    (bool success, ) = msg.sender.call{value: amount}(""); // INTERACTION before EFFECT
    require(success);
    balances[msg.sender] -= amount; // State update AFTER external call
}

Detection: Find functions where state writes to variables used in require checks occur AFTER external calls.

Variant 2: Cross-Function Reentrancy

Two or more functions share state, and an attacker re-enters through a DIFFERENT function than the one making the external call.

function withdraw(uint256 amount) public {
    require(balances[msg.sender] >= amount);
    (bool success, ) = msg.sender.call{value: amount}("");
    require(success);
    balances[msg.sender] -= amount;
}

// Attacker re-enters HERE during withdraw's external call
function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) public {
    require(balances[msg.sender] >= amount);
    balances[msg.sender] -= amount;
    balances[to] += amount;
}

Detection: For each external call in function F, check if any OTHER public function reads/writes the same state variables that F modifies after the call.

Variant 3: Cross-Contract Reentrancy

The re-entry occurs through a different contract that shares state or trust relationships with the vulnerable contract.

// Contract A
function withdrawFromVault() public {
    uint256 shares = vault.balanceOf(msg.sender);
    vault.burn(msg.sender, shares);
    // External call — attacker can re-enter Contract B
    (bool success, ) = msg.sender.call{value: shares * pricePerShare}("");
    require(success);
}

// Contract B (attacker re-enters here)
function borrow() public {
    uint256 collateral = vault.balanceOf(msg.sender); // Reads stale state!
    // Shares not yet burned, so collateral appears inflated
    uint256 loanAmount = collateral * maxLTV;
    token.transfer(msg.sender, loanAmount);
}

Detection: Map all cross-contract dependencies. For each external call, identify which other contracts read the state that should have been updated.

Variant 4: Read-Only Reentrancy

A view/pure function returns stale state during a reentrancy callback. No state is modified during re-entry — the attacker exploits the READING of inconsistent state by a third-party contract.

// Pool contract
function removeLiquidity() external {
    uint256 shares = balances[msg.sender];
    // Burns LP tokens (updates internal accounting)
    _burn(msg.sender, shares);
    // External call BEFORE updating reserves
    (bool success, ) = msg.sender.call{value: ethAmount}("");
    // Reserves updated AFTER the call
    totalReserves -= ethAmount;
}

// This view function returns stale data during the callback
function getRate() public view returns (uint256) {
    return totalReserves / totalSupply(); // totalReserves not yet updated!
}

// Third-party contract reads the inflated rate
function priceOracle() external view returns (uint256) {
    return pool.getRate(); // Returns wrong value during reentrancy
}

Detection: For each external call, identify view functions that read state variables modified AFTER the call. Check if any external protocol depends on those view functions.

Variant 5: ERC-777 / ERC-1155 Callback Reentrancy

Token standards with built-in callback hooks that execute arbitrary code on the receiver during transfers.

// ERC-777: tokensReceived() hook called on recipient
// ERC-1155: onERC1155Received() hook called on recipient
// ERC-721: onERC721Received() hook called on recipient

function deposit(uint256 amount) public {
    token.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount); // Triggers callback!
    // If token is ERC-777, msg.sender's tokensReceived() runs HERE
    balances[msg.sender] += amount; // State update after callback
}

Detection: Identify all token transfer/transferFrom/safeTransfer calls. Check if the token could be ERC-777/ERC-1155/ERC-721. Verify state updates happen before the transfer.

Three-Phase Detection Architecture

Phase 1: Call Graph Construction

Build a complete map of all external interactions.

For each function, extract:

Function: withdraw()
├── External Calls:
│   ├── msg.sender.call{value: amount}("") at line 45
│   ├── token.transfer(user, amount) at line 48
│   └── oracle.getPrice() at line 42
├── State Writes:
│   ├── balances[msg.sender] -= amount at line 50
│   └── totalWithdrawn += amount at line 51
├── State Reads (in requires):
│   └── balances[msg.sender] at line 41
└── Modifiers:
    └── nonReentrant: NO

Call Classification:

Phase 2: CEI Violation Detection

For each function with external calls, verify CEI ordering.

Algorithm:

For each function F with external calls:
  1. E = set of all state variables written by F
  2. C = set of all state variables read in require/if checks
  3. I = position of each external call in F
  4. For each external call at position P:
     a. W_after = state writes that occur AFTER position P
     b. If W_after ∩ (E ∪ C) ≠ ∅:
        → CEI VIOLATION: state modified after external call
     c. Classify violation:
        - W_after ∩ C ≠ ∅ → Classic reentrancy (check variable modified after call)
        - W_after ∩ E ≠ ∅ → State inconsistency window

Cross-Function Extension:

For each external call in function F at position P:
  W_before = state variables NOT yet updated at position P
  For each OTHER public function G:
    R_G = state variables read by G
    W_G = state variables written by G
    If R_G ∩ W_before ≠ ∅ OR W_G ∩ W_before ≠ ∅:
      → CROSS-FUNCTION REENTRANCY: G can be called during F's external call
         with inconsistent state

Phase 3: Guard Coverage Verification

Check that reentrancy protections are correctly applied.

Guard Types:

Verification:

For each function F with CEI violations:
  1. Check if F has nonReentrant modifier → Mitigated (single-contract only)
  2. Check if ALL functions sharing state also have nonReentrant → Mitigated (cross-function)
  3. Check if cross-contract consumers are protected → Requires manual review
  4. If no guard → VULNERABLE

Workflow

Task Progress:
- [ ] Step 1: Identify all external calls in every function (ETH transfers, token calls, cross-contract)
- [ ] Step 2: Build call graph with state read/write positions relative to each call
- [ ] Step 3: Detect CEI violations (state writes after external calls)
- [ ] Step 4: Detect cross-function reentrancy (shared state across functions)
- [ ] Step 5: Detect callback vectors (ERC-777, ERC-1155, ERC-721 token interactions)
- [ ] Step 6: Detect read-only reentrancy (view functions reading stale state)
- [ ] Step 7: Verify guard coverage (nonReentrant, CEI compliance, pull patterns)
- [ ] Step 8: Score findings and generate report

Output Format

## Reentrancy Analysis Report

### Finding: [Title]

**Function:** `functionName()` at `Contract.sol:L42`
**Variant:** [Classic | Cross-Function | Cross-Contract | Read-Only | Callback]
**Severity:** [CRITICAL | HIGH | MEDIUM]
**Guard Status:** [Unguarded | Partially Guarded | Guarded]

**CEI Violation:**
  - External call at line [X]: `[call expression]`
  - State write AFTER call at line [Y]: `[state variable] = [expression]`

**Re-Entry Path:**
  1. Attacker calls `functionName()`
  2. External call triggers callback to attacker contract
  3. Attacker re-enters via `[re-entry function]`
  4. State variable `[name]` still has pre-update value
  5. [Exploit consequence]

**Impact:**
[Funds drained, state corrupted, price manipulated, etc.]

**Recommendation:**
[Specific fix — reorder state updates, add nonReentrant, use pull pattern]

Severity Classification

Advanced Detection: Transitive Reentrancy

Trace reentrancy through multiple contract hops:

Contract A calls Contract B
Contract B calls Contract C
Contract C calls back to Contract A (or reads A's stale state)

Detection: Build transitive call graph across all contracts in scope.
For each call chain A → B → ... → X:
  If X can call back to any contract in the chain → TRANSITIVE REENTRANCY

Quick Detection Checklist

When analyzing a contract, immediately check:

• Does any function make an external call (ETH transfer, token transfer, cross-contract) BEFORE completing all state updates?
• Are there multiple public functions that modify the same state variables, where at least one makes an external call?
• Does the contract interact with ERC-777, ERC-1155, or ERC-721 tokens (callback hooks)?
• Do view functions read state that is only partially updated during an external call?
• Is nonReentrant applied to ALL functions that share state with a function making external calls, not just the calling function itself?
• Does the contract rely on transfer() or send() for reentrancy protection? (Unsafe assumption)

For detailed variant taxonomy, see {baseDir}/references/reentrancy-variants.md. For real-world case studies, see {baseDir}/references/case-studies.md.

Rationalizations to Reject

• "We use transfer() so reentrancy is impossible" → EIP-1884 changed gas costs; transfer is no longer considered safe
• "The function has nonReentrant" → Check cross-function and cross-contract paths; one modifier doesn't protect everything
• "It's just a view function" → Read-only reentrancy can manipulate prices and oracles in third-party contracts
• "We only interact with standard ERC20 tokens" → ERC-777 is backward-compatible with ERC20; token type may change
• "The external call is to a trusted contract" → Trust boundaries shift; verify the actual code path through all intermediaries
• "State is updated right after the call" → "Right after" is too late; the call already happened