Interpreting Echocardiograms

Documents to Request

• Complete echocardiogram study (DICOM or structured report)
• Prior echocardiogram for comparison
• Patient height and weight for BSA calculation
• Recent ECG (for rhythm context during echo interpretation)
• Clinical referral note with specific question
• Relevant labs: BNP/NT-proBNP, troponin if applicable
• Cardiac catheterization data if available (for hemodynamic correlation)

Step 1: LV Size and Systolic Function Assessment

LV Chamber Quantification (ASE Reference Ranges):

LVEF Assessment Methods (in order of preference):

1. Biplane Simpson's method of discs — standard for 2D
2. 3D volumetric assessment — most accurate when image quality permits
3. Visual estimation — acceptable for experienced readers, but quantitative method must be documented

Wall Motion Analysis:

• Score each of the 17 AHA segments: 1 = normal, 2 = hypokinetic, 3 = akinetic, 4 = dyskinetic, 5 = aneurysmal
• Wall motion score index (WMSI) = sum of scores / number of segments visualized
• WMSI > 1.0 indicates regional dysfunction; map to coronary territories

Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS):

• Normal: −18% to −22% (more negative = better function)
• Abnormal: > −16% (less negative)
• GLS can detect subclinical LV dysfunction before LVEF declines — critical for cardiotoxicity screening

Step 2: Diastolic Function Assessment

ASE/EACVI 2016 Diastolic Grading Algorithm:

Key Rules:

• If LVEF is normal: check average E/e', TR velocity, and LA volume index. If ≥ 2 of 3 are abnormal → diastolic dysfunction present; then grade using E/A ratio
• If E/A < 0.8 and E/e' < 10: Grade I (impaired relaxation)
• If E/A 0.8–2.0 with ≥ 2 abnormal parameters: Grade II (pseudonormal)
• If E/A > 2.0, deceleration time < 160 ms: Grade III (restrictive)

Step 3: Valve Assessment

Aortic Stenosis Severity (ACC/AHA 2020):

Mitral Regurgitation Severity (ASE Integrated Approach):

For each valve, document: morphology, leaflet mobility, calcification, stenosis severity, regurgitation severity, and mechanism of dysfunction.

Step 4: Right Heart and Hemodynamic Assessment

RV Assessment:

• TAPSE (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion): Normal ≥ 17 mm
• RV S' (tissue Doppler at tricuspid annulus): Normal ≥ 9.5 cm/s
• RV fractional area change: Normal ≥ 35%
• RV free-wall longitudinal strain: Normal < −20%

Pulmonary Artery Pressure Estimation:

• RVSP = 4 × (TR velocity)² + RAP
• RAP estimation by IVC: < 2.1 cm with > 50% collapse = 3 mmHg; > 2.1 cm with < 50% collapse = 15 mmHg

Pericardial Assessment:

• Effusion size: trivial (< 0.5 cm), small (0.5–1 cm), moderate (1–2 cm), large (> 2 cm)
• Tamponade physiology: RA diastolic collapse, RV diastolic collapse, respiratory variation > 25% mitral inflow

Step 5: Structured Report Synthesis

Compile findings into a structured report following ASE reporting format:

1. Study indication and clinical context
2. LV size, wall thickness, systolic function (LVEF, GLS if obtained)
3. Regional wall motion abnormalities (if any, mapped to coronary territories)
4. Diastolic function grade with supporting parameters
5. Each valve: morphology, stenosis grade, regurgitation grade
6. RV size and function
7. PA pressure estimate
8. Pericardium
9. Aortic root dimensions
10. Comparison with prior study
11. Summary impression with clinical recommendations

Checkpoint B: Post-Draft Alignment (Mandatory)

1. Is LVEF reported quantitatively with the method used?
2. Is diastolic function formally graded using the ASE 2016 algorithm?
3. Are all four valves assessed for both stenosis and regurgitation?
4. Is RV function quantified (not just "qualitatively normal")?
5. Does the summary impression directly address the clinical question?

Quality Audit

• LV dimensions indexed to BSA where appropriate
• LVEF reported with method (Simpson biplane, 3D, visual)
• Wall motion assessed by 17-segment model or abnormalities listed by segment
• Diastolic function graded I–III with at least 3 supporting parameters
• All four valves assessed and severity graded
• Aortic stenosis evaluated with velocity, gradient, and valve area (discordance addressed if present)
• Mitral regurgitation assessed with at least two quantitative parameters
• RV size and function quantified (TAPSE minimum)
• PA pressure estimated or "TR insufficient for estimate" documented
• Pericardial space assessed
• Aortic root measured at sinuses of Valsalva
• Prior study comparison made or absence documented
• Image quality limitations acknowledged
• Clinical correlation and recommendations provided

Guidelines

1. Always index chamber dimensions and volumes to BSA — absolute measurements alone are insufficient for clinical grading.
2. When aortic stenosis severity parameters are discordant (e.g., low gradient with small valve area), document the discrepancy and consider low-flow states, measurement error, or dobutamine stress echo.
3. For mitral regurgitation, never rely on a single parameter — use the ASE integrated approach with at least two quantitative measures.
4. GLS should be included when available, especially for oncology patients on cardiotoxic therapy (anthracyclines, trastuzumab) and pre-operative assessments.
5. Diastolic function cannot be reliably graded in atrial fibrillation using standard E/A ratios — use E/e' and LA volume index as primary parameters.
6. Always note whether contrast was used and whether it changed the LVEF assessment.
7. Report any incidental findings (pleural effusions, ascites, lung consolidation) visible on the echo study.