Han Heqin Diplomacy

3. Tribute Agreement

• Annual payments from Han to Xiongnu:
  • Silk fabrics (絮缯)
  • Wine and grain (酒米)
  • Food supplies (食物)
  • Gold and silk (金帛丝絮)

4. Border Protocols

• Establish clear territorial boundaries
• 长城以北，引弓之国，受命单于 (North of Great Wall: bow-drawing peoples under Shanyu)
• 长城以内，冠带之室，朕亦制之 (Within Great Wall: civilized peoples under Han Emperor)

5. Trade Relations

• Open border markets (关市)
• Allow exchange of goods
• Maintain diplomatic communication channels

Treaty Terms (Example)

• "匈奴无入塞，汉无出塞" (Xiongnu do not enter the passes, Han do not exit)
• "犯约者杀之" (Violators of treaty shall be killed)
• Return of fugitives and defectors

Expected Outcomes

• Reduced border conflicts
• Stable diplomatic relations
• Economic exchange through border markets
• Temporary peace allowing both sides to recover

Verification

• Confirm all treaty terms are formally agreed upon by both parties, including border boundaries and non-aggression clauses
• Validate that annual tribute items (絮缯, 酒米, 金帛丝絮) are delivered on schedule
• Check that border markets (关市) are operating and diplomatic communication channels remain active