Information Architecture

2. Card Sorting & Taxonomy

# Organize content into logical groups

class InformationArchitecture:
    def conduct_card_sort(self, items):
        """Uncover user mental models"""
        return {
            'method': 'Open card sort (users create own categories)',
            'participants': 15,
            'items_sorted': len(items),
            'analysis': self.analyze_card_sort_results(items),
            'dendrograms': 'Show similarity between user groupings',
            'categories': self.identify_categories(items)
        }

    def identify_categories(self, items):
        """Find natural groupings"""
        categories = {}
        frequency = {}

        # Track how often items are grouped together
        # Find dominant groupings

        return {
            'primary_categories': self.get_primary_categories(frequency),
            'ambiguous_items': self.identify_ambiguous_items(frequency),
            'user_created_labels': self.extract_labels()
        }

    def create_taxonomy(self, categories):
        """Build hierarchical structure"""
        return {
            'level1': ['Products', 'Services', 'Support', 'Company'],
            'level2_products': ['Electronics', 'Clothing', 'Books'],
            'level3_electronics': ['Phones', 'Laptops', 'Accessories'],
            'relationships': 'Define parent-child and related items',
            'synonyms': 'Identify similar terms'
        }

    def validate_ia(self, structure):
        """Test with users"""
        return {
            'testing_method': 'Tree testing',
            'tasks': [
                'Find product return policy',
                'Locate shipping information',
                'Access account settings'
            ],
            'success_metrics': {
                'task_completion': '90% target',
                'time_to_complete': '<3 minutes',
                'satisfaction': '>4/5'
            }
        }

3. Sitemap & Navigation Structure

Sitemap Example: E-commerce Site

Home
├── Products
│   ├── Electronics
│   │   ├── Phones
│   │   ├── Laptops
│   │   └── Accessories
│   ├── Clothing
│   │   ├── Men's
│   │   ├── Women's
│   │   └── Kids
│   └── Books
├── Services
│   ├── Shipping & Returns
│   ├── Extended Warranty
│   └── Installation
├── Support
│   ├── FAQ
│   ├── Contact Us
│   ├── Live Chat
│   └── Tickets
├── Account
│   ├── Orders
│   ├── Wishlist
│   ├── Returns
│   └── Settings
└── Company
    ├── About Us
    ├── Careers
    ├── Blog
    └── Affiliates

---

Navigation Labels:
  - Clear and predictable
  - Avoid jargon
  - Match user language
  - Consistent across site

4. Search & Discovery

// Enable multiple ways to find content

class DiscoverabilityStrategy {
  designSearchFunctionality() {
    return {
      search_box: {
        location: "Header, prominent placement",
        placeholder: "Clear example text",
        autocomplete: true,
        filters: ["Category", "Price", "Rating"],
      },
      search_results: {
        ranking: "Relevance + popularity + freshness",
        facets: "Allow filtering results",
        snippets: "Show preview and highlights",
      },
      zero_results: {
        suggestions: "Show did you mean, popular searches",
        related: "Show related categories",
      },
    };
  }

  designBrowsing() {
    return {
      category_pages: {
        structure: "Subcategories + featured items",
        sorting: "By popularity, newest, price",
        pagination: "Load more or paginate",
      },
      related_items: {
        placement: "Product page, cart page",
        logic: "Similar category, trending, recommended",
      },
    };
  }
}

Best Practices

✅ DO

• Start with user research
• Conduct card sorting studies
• Use user mental models
• Keep hierarchy 3 levels deep max
• Use clear, simple labels
• Enable multiple ways to find content
• Test navigation with users
• Update based on usage data
• Document taxonomy
• Provide search functionality

❌ DON'T

• Impose organizational structure without research
• Use jargon or technical terms
• Make hierarchy too deep
• Bury important content
• Rely only on navigation (provide search)
• Change navigation frequently
• Create ambiguous labels
• Forget about edge cases
• Ignore accessibility
• Assume desktop-only navigation

IA Tips

• Use clear, specific category names
• Avoid nested menus when possible
• Provide multiple paths to content
• Show context within hierarchy (breadcrumbs)
• Monitor analytics to improve structure