Laboratory Interpretation

Canine:

• Lipase/amylase alone are poor predictors of pancreatitis; cPLI/Spec cPL is preferred
• Tick-borne disease panels (4Dx) indicated in endemic areas for unexplained cytopenias
• Alkaline phosphatase has a bone isoenzyme (elevated in growing dogs, not pathologic)
• Greyhounds/Sighthounds have unique normals: lower WBC, higher PCV (55-65%), lower T4, higher creatinine

Feline:

• Stress hyperglycemia is extremely common (glucose up to 300+ mg/dL from handling stress alone). Fructosamine differentiates stress from true diabetes: values > 400 umol/L strongly suggest true diabetes; values < 340 umol/L suggest stress hyperglycemia; 340-400 umol/L is a gray zone requiring clinical correlation
• fPLI (Spec fPL) for pancreatitis, not lipase/amylase
• SDMA rises before creatinine in early renal disease (IRIS staging incorporates SDMA)
• Total T4 may be falsely normal in hyperthyroid cats with concurrent illness ("euthyroid sick")

Equine:

• SAA (serum amyloid A) is the primary acute-phase protein, far more sensitive than fibrinogen for acute inflammation
• Fibrinogen useful as a secondary inflammation marker
• GGT elevation is the most sensitive marker for hepatobiliary disease
• Muscle enzymes (CK, AST) critical for exertional myopathy and tying-up assessment

Avian/Reptile:

• Heterophils replace neutrophils in the differential
• Nucleated RBCs are normal (automated analyzers will miscount)
• Uric acid (not BUN/creatinine) is the primary renal marker
• Bile acids are not useful in birds (different hepatic metabolism)
• Blood glucose normals are higher than mammals (200-400 mg/dL normal in many birds)

Ruminant:

• Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) for ketosis monitoring in dairy cattle
• Pepsinogen for abomasal parasite burden
• Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) most specific liver enzyme

IRIS Staging for Chronic Kidney Disease

IRIS (International Renal Interest Society) staging is the standard for classifying CKD severity in dogs and cats. Stage based on fasting creatinine (confirmed on at least 2 occasions in a stable, hydrated patient). SDMA can be used as a complementary biomarker.

Substaging: Further classify by proteinuria (UPC ratio) and blood pressure. UPC > 0.5 (dog) or > 0.4 (cat) = proteinuric. Systolic BP > 160 mmHg = hypertensive.

Common Diagnostic Patterns

Workflow

1. Confirm species (MANDATORY). Reference ranges are species-specific.
2. Note analyzer type (in-house vs. reference lab) as reference ranges differ.
3. Identify values outside species-specific reference ranges.
4. Consider pre-analytical factors (stress leukogram in cats, lipemia, hemolysis, fasting status, sample handling).
5. Group abnormalities into diagnostic patterns.
6. Recommend follow-up testing based on the pattern identified.

Limitations

• Lab interpretation requires clinical context alongside history and physical exam.
• Reference ranges vary between laboratories and analyzer platforms.
• Point-of-care analyzers may have different reference ranges than reference laboratories.
• Single time-point values may not capture dynamic disease processes; trending is often more valuable.