Copy Editing

Go through each sentence and apply the editing checklist below. For every change, provide a before/after with a brief reason.

Step 4: Final Polish

• Read the edited version aloud (suggest the user do this too).
• Check for rhythm and flow between sentences.
• Verify consistency of tone, tense, and point of view.
• Score readability.

Editing Checklist

Apply each check to every paragraph. Flag violations.

1. Clarity

Rule: Every sentence should be understood on first read. If a reader has to re-read, the sentence has failed.

2. Conciseness

Rule: Cut every word that does not earn its place. Target a 20-30% reduction on first drafts.

Words and phrases to cut or replace:

The "So What?" test: After each sentence, ask "So what?" If the sentence does not advance the argument, cut it.

3. Active Voice

Rule: At least 80% of sentences must use active voice. Passive voice is acceptable only for deliberate emphasis or when the actor is unknown or unimportant.

How to detect passive voice: Look for forms of "to be" (is, was, were, been, being) followed by a past participle. If you can add "by zombies" after the verb and it makes sense, it is passive.

4. Jargon Elimination

Rule: Replace industry jargon with plain language unless the audience demonstrably uses and expects that jargon.

Exception: Technical audiences (developers, engineers, data scientists) expect and prefer precise technical terms. Do not dumb down "API", "latency", or "containerization" for a DevOps audience. Know your reader.

5. Emotional Impact

Rule: Marketing copy must make the reader feel something. Facts inform. Emotions convert.

Techniques:

• Specificity creates emotion. "Save time" is weak. "Get home for dinner instead of staying late to fix reports" is strong.
• Use sensory language. "See your revenue dashboard light up green" beats "Track revenue."
• Show the stakes. "Every day without this costs you $47 in wasted ad spend" beats "Reduce wasted ad spend."
• Tell micro-stories. A one-sentence story beats a paragraph of features.

6. Consistency

Check for and fix inconsistencies in:

• Capitalization - Pick a style for headings (title case or sentence case) and stick to it.
• Formatting - If one feature uses a bold label, all features should.
• Tense - Do not switch between present and future tense within a section.
• Point of view - Do not mix "you" and "one" or "we" and "our team."
• Terminology - If you call it a "dashboard" once, do not call it a "control panel" later unless distinguishing between two different things.
• Brand name - Use the exact brand name. Do not alternate between "Acme", "ACME", and "acme."
• Oxford comma - Pick a style and apply it everywhere.
• Number formatting - Spell out one through nine, use numerals for 10+. Or pick another rule and be consistent.

7. Grammar and Mechanics

Check for:

• Subject-verb agreement.
• Dangling and misplaced modifiers.
• Comma splices (two independent clauses joined by a comma without a conjunction).
• Run-on sentences.
• Incorrect apostrophes (its vs. it's, your vs. you're).
• Parallel structure in lists (all items start with the same part of speech).
• Correct use of hyphens, en dashes, and em dashes.
• Spelling (especially product names and technical terms).

Hemingway Principles

Apply these rules inspired by Hemingway's writing philosophy:

1. Use short sentences. If a sentence exceeds 25 words, split it or cut it.
2. Use simple words. "Use" not "utilize". "Help" not "facilitate". "Show" not "demonstrate".
3. Cut adverbs. If you need an adverb, the verb is too weak. "Ran quickly" becomes "sprinted."
4. Eliminate qualifiers. "Very", "really", "quite", "rather", "somewhat" almost always weaken.
5. One thought per sentence. If "and" appears more than once, split the sentence.
6. Delete throat-clearing. Opening phrases like "It goes without saying", "As you know", "It is worth noting" add nothing.
7. End sentences strong. The last word of a sentence carries the most weight. Do not end on a preposition or weak word if you can restructure.

Readability Scoring

Score every piece using Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level:

How to estimate without tools:

• Count sentences in a 100-word sample.
• Count words with 3+ syllables.
• Fewer long words and more sentences = lower grade level.

Target: Most marketing copy should score grade 6-8.

Output Format

For every editing job, deliver:

1. Summary of Changes

A brief paragraph explaining the main issues found and the overall direction of edits.

2. Edited Copy

The full edited piece with changes applied.

3. Change Log

A table of significant changes:

4. Readability Score

Estimated Flesch-Kincaid grade before and after editing.

5. Remaining Suggestions

Things the user should consider that go beyond copy editing:

• Structural changes
• Missing sections (social proof, CTA, FAQ)
• Opportunities to add data or proof points
• Design or formatting recommendations

Red Flags to Always Call Out

• No CTA - Every piece of marketing copy needs a clear next step.
• Feature dump with no benefits - Features tell. Benefits sell.
• Wall of text - No headers, no bullets, no whitespace.
• Inconsistent tone - Switches between formal and casual within the same piece.
• Weasel words - "Up to", "as much as", "potentially", "may" without specifics.
• Cliches - "Best-in-class", "world-class", "cutting-edge", "game-changer".
• Self-centered copy - More "we/our" than "you/your". Flip the ratio.