Rocm Kernels

Isolated Kernel Micro-benchmarks

# All 4 kernels: correctness + performance + bandwidth
python scripts/benchmark_kernels.py

# Single kernel
python scripts/benchmark_kernels.py --kernel rmsnorm
python scripts/benchmark_kernels.py --kernel rope
python scripts/benchmark_kernels.py --kernel geglu
python scripts/benchmark_kernels.py --kernel adaln

End-to-End Pipeline Benchmark

# Compare baseline vs Triton vs torch.compile
python scripts/benchmark_e2e.py --mode all

# Quick test
python scripts/benchmark_e2e.py --mode triton --num-frames 9 --steps 5

# Save results for comparison
python scripts/benchmark_e2e.py --mode all --output-json results.json

Target Model: LTX-Video

Architecture Overview

Total RMSNorm modules: 168 (56 with weights, 112 without)

Target Kernels

Supported Hardware

See MI355X guide | R9700 guide

When This Skill Applies

Use this skill when:

• Writing Triton kernels for RMSNorm, RoPE, GEGLU, AdaLN on AMD GPUs
• Integrating custom kernels with diffusers pipelines (LTX-Video, SD3, FLUX)
• Benchmarking kernel performance against PyTorch baseline on ROCm
• Optimizing existing kernels for MI355X or R9700 architecture
• Debugging ROCm/HIP-specific kernel issues

Critical ROCm Constraints

Things That DON'T Work on AMD

# FORBIDDEN - CUDA only, NOT available on ROCm
tl.libdevice.tanh(x)          # Use manual formula below
tl.libdevice.log1p(x)         # Use: tl.log(1.0 + x)
tl.math.tanh(x)               # Also NOT available on ROCm Triton

# Manual tanh (ONLY reliable method on ROCm):
e2x = tl.exp(2.0 * x)
tanh_x = (e2x - 1.0) / (e2x + 1.0)

# FORBIDDEN - Triton limitations on ROCm
break / continue               # Use: tl.where()
min(a, b) / max(a, b)          # Use: tl.minimum(a, b) / tl.maximum(a, b)

Mandatory Environment Variables

import os
os.environ['TRITON_HIP_USE_BLOCK_PINGPONG'] = '1'
os.environ['TRITON_HIP_USE_ASYNC_COPY'] = '1'

Core Kernel Implementations

1. RMSNorm (Core Optimization Target)

Row-wise reduction pattern. 168 instances in LTX-Video, ~5% of total compute.

CRITICAL: Do NOT autotune BLOCK_D. Autotune may pick BLOCK_D < D, causing partial row processing and wrong results. Always compute BLOCK_D = triton.next_power_of_2(D) in the Python wrapper.

@triton.jit
def rmsnorm_kernel(
    x_ptr, weight_ptr, out_ptr,
    stride_x, D,
    eps: tl.constexpr,
    HAS_WEIGHT: tl.constexpr,
    BLOCK_D: tl.constexpr,
):
    row = tl.program_id(0)
    offs = tl.arange(0, BLOCK_D)
    mask = offs < D
    x = tl.load(x_ptr + row * stride_x + offs, mask=mask, other=0.0).to(tl.float32)

    variance = tl.sum(x * x, axis=0) / D
    rms_inv = tl.rsqrt(variance + eps)

    if HAS_WEIGHT:
        w = tl.load(weight_ptr + offs, mask=mask, other=1.0).to(tl.float32)
        out = x * rms_inv * w
    else:
        out = x * rms_inv

    tl.store(out_ptr + row * stride_x + offs, out.to(x.dtype), mask=mask)


def triton_rmsnorm(x, weight=None, eps=1e-6):
    x_2d = x.contiguous().view(-1, x.shape[-1])
    out = torch.empty_like(x_2d)
    M, D = x_2d.shape
    has_weight = weight is not None
    if not has_weight:
        weight = torch.empty(0, device=x.device)

    BLOCK_D = triton.next_power_of_2(D)
    num_warps = 4 if BLOCK_D <= 1024 else (8 if BLOCK_D <= 4096 else 16)
    rmsnorm_kernel[(M,)](
        x_2d, weight, out, x_2d.stride(0), D, eps, has_weight,
        BLOCK_D=BLOCK_D, num_warps=num_warps, num_stages=2,
    )
    return out.view_as(x)

LTX-Video pitfall: Weight may be None!

has_weight = hasattr(module, 'weight') and module.weight is not None

2. RoPE 3D (Video Position Encoding)

Element-wise pattern. LTX-Video splits head_dim into temporal + spatial components.

CRITICAL: cos/sin have shape [seq_len, head_dim]. When grid flattens batch dimension (batch * seq_len), use pid_s % seq_len to index cos/sin, otherwise batch > 1 causes OOB GPU crash.

@triton.jit
def rope_3d_kernel(
    qk_ptr, cos_ptr, sin_ptr, out_ptr,
    seq_len, num_heads, head_dim,
    stride_s, stride_h, stride_d,
    BLOCK_HD: tl.constexpr,
):
    pid_s = tl.program_id(0)  # batch * seq_len
    pid_h = tl.program_id(1)  # head index
    half_dim = head_dim // 2
    offs = tl.arange(0, BLOCK_HD)
    mask = offs < half_dim

    base = pid_s * stride_s + pid_h * stride_h
    x0 = tl.load(qk_ptr + base + offs, mask=mask, other=0.0).to(tl.float32)
    x1 = tl.load(qk_ptr + base + half_dim + offs, mask=mask, other=0.0).to(tl.float32)

    seq_idx = pid_s % seq_len  # wrap for batch > 1
    cos_val = tl.load(cos_ptr + seq_idx * head_dim + offs, mask=mask, other=1.0).to(tl.float32)
    sin_val = tl.load(sin_ptr + seq_idx * head_dim + offs, mask=mask, other=0.0).to(tl.float32)

    out0 = x0 * cos_val - x1 * sin_val
    out1 = x0 * sin_val + x1 * cos_val

    tl.store(out_ptr + base + offs, out0.to(x0.dtype), mask=mask)
    tl.store(out_ptr + base + half_dim + offs, out1.to(x0.dtype), mask=mask)


def triton_rope_3d(qk, cos, sin):
    qk = qk.contiguous()
    out = torch.empty_like(qk)
    batch, seq_len, num_heads, head_dim = qk.shape
    qk_flat = qk.view(batch * seq_len, num_heads, head_dim)
    out_flat = out.view(batch * seq_len, num_heads, head_dim)
    BLOCK_HD = triton.next_power_of_2(head_dim // 2)
    num_warps = 4 if BLOCK_HD <= 64 else 8
    rope_3d_kernel[(batch * seq_len, num_heads)](
        qk_flat, cos, sin, out_flat,
        seq_len, num_heads, head_dim,
        qk_flat.stride(0), qk_flat.stride(1), qk_flat.stride(2),
        BLOCK_HD=BLOCK_HD, num_warps=num_warps, num_stages=2,
    )
    return out

3. GEGLU (For SD3/FLUX, NOT LTX-Video)

Element-wise gated activation. Input [batch, seq, 2*hidden] → Output [batch, seq, hidden].

Same BLOCK_SIZE rule: compute dynamically, do NOT autotune.

@triton.jit
def geglu_kernel(
    input_ptr, output_ptr,
    stride_in, stride_out, hidden_size,
    BLOCK_H: tl.constexpr,
):
    row = tl.program_id(0)
    offs = tl.arange(0, BLOCK_H)
    mask = offs < hidden_size

    gate = tl.load(input_ptr + row * stride_in + offs, mask=mask, other=0.0).to(tl.float32)
    value = tl.load(input_ptr + row * stride_in + hidden_size + offs, mask=mask, other=0.0).to(tl.float32)

    # GELU approx — manual tanh (tl.math.tanh NOT available on ROCm)
    k = 0.7978845608028654  # sqrt(2/pi)
    tanh_arg = k * (gate + 0.044715 * gate * gate * gate)
    e2x = tl.exp(2.0 * tanh_arg)
    tanh_val = (e2x - 1.0) / (e2x + 1.0)
    gate_gelu = 0.5 * gate * (1.0 + tanh_val)
    result = gate_gelu * value

    tl.store(output_ptr + row * stride_out + offs, result.to(gate.dtype), mask=mask)


def triton_geglu(x):
    x = x.contiguous()
    *batch_dims, double_h = x.shape
    hidden_size = double_h // 2
    x_2d = x.view(-1, double_h)
    M = x_2d.shape[0]
    out = torch.empty(M, hidden_size, device=x.device, dtype=x.dtype)
    BLOCK_H = triton.next_power_of_2(hidden_size)
    num_warps = 4 if BLOCK_H <= 1024 else (8 if BLOCK_H <= 4096 else 16)
    geglu_kernel[(M,)](
        x_2d, out, x_2d.stride(0), out.stride(0), hidden_size,
        BLOCK_H=BLOCK_H, num_warps=num_warps, num_stages=2,
    )
    return out.view(*batch_dims, hidden_size)

Warning: LTX-Video uses GELU, NOT GEGLU. GEGLU is for SD3/FLUX.

4. AdaLN (Adaptive Layer Normalization for DiT)

Fused normalization + conditioning: norm(x) * weight * (1 + scale) + shift

Same BLOCK_D rule: compute dynamically.

@triton.jit
def adaln_kernel(
    x_ptr, weight_ptr, scale_ptr, shift_ptr, out_ptr,
    stride_x, stride_cond, D,
    eps: tl.constexpr,
    BLOCK_D: tl.constexpr,
):
    row = tl.program_id(0)
    offs = tl.arange(0, BLOCK_D)
    mask = offs < D
    x = tl.load(x_ptr + row * stride_x + offs, mask=mask, other=0.0).to(tl.float32)

    variance = tl.sum(x * x, axis=0) / D
    rms_inv = tl.rsqrt(variance + eps)
    x_norm = x * rms_inv

    w = tl.load(weight_ptr + offs, mask=mask, other=1.0).to(tl.float32)
    scale = tl.load(scale_ptr + row * stride_cond + offs, mask=mask, other=0.0).to(tl.float32)
    shift = tl.load(shift_ptr + row * stride_cond + offs, mask=mask, other=0.0).to(tl.float32)

    out = x_norm * w * (1.0 + scale) + shift
    tl.store(out_ptr + row * stride_x + offs, out.to(x.dtype), mask=mask)


def triton_adaln(x, weight, scale, shift, eps=1e-6):
    x_flat = x.contiguous().view(-1, x.shape[-1])
    scale_flat = scale.contiguous().view(-1, x.shape[-1])
    shift_flat = shift.contiguous().view(-1, x.shape[-1])
    out = torch.empty_like(x_flat)
    M, D = x_flat.shape
    BLOCK_D = triton.next_power_of_2(D)
    num_warps = 4 if BLOCK_D <= 1024 else (8 if BLOCK_D <= 4096 else 16)
    adaln_kernel[(M,)](
        x_flat, weight, scale_flat, shift_flat, out,
        x_flat.stride(0), scale_flat.stride(0), D, eps,
        BLOCK_D=BLOCK_D, num_warps=num_warps, num_stages=2,
    )
    return out.view_as(x)

Diffusers Integration

See diffusers-integration.md for the complete guide.

Minimal Integration Pattern

def patch_rmsnorm_modules(model):
    """Patch all RMSNorm modules to use custom Triton kernel."""
    for name, module in model.named_modules():
        if type(module).__name__ == 'RMSNorm':
            eps = getattr(module, 'eps', 1e-6)
            has_weight = hasattr(module, 'weight') and module.weight is not None
            if has_weight:
                def make_forward(mod, epsilon):
                    def forward(x):
                        return triton_rmsnorm(x, mod.weight, eps=epsilon)
                    return forward
                module.forward = make_forward(module, eps)
            else:
                def make_forward(epsilon):
                    def forward(x):
                        w = torch.ones(x.shape[-1], device=x.device, dtype=x.dtype)
                        return triton_rmsnorm(x, w, eps=epsilon)
                    return forward
                module.forward = make_forward(eps)

pipe = LTXPipeline.from_pretrained("Lightricks/LTX-Video", torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16)
pipe.to("cuda")
patch_rmsnorm_modules(pipe.transformer)
pipe.enable_model_cpu_offload()

Diffusers Critical Pitfalls

1. RMSNorm weight may be None — LTX-Video uses elementwise_affine=False
2. Diffusers RMSNorm != torch.nn.RMSNorm — Use type(module).__name__ not isinstance()
3. LTX-Video uses GELU, not GEGLU — Don't patch GEGLU for LTX-Video
4. Inject BEFORE CPU offloading — inject_kernels() then enable_model_cpu_offload()

Performance Expectations

Micro-benchmark Results (MI355X, BF16)

RMSNorm bandwidth utilization: 3554 GB/s (MI355X theoretical: 8 TB/s, ~44%).

End-to-End LTX-Video (MI355X, 25 frames, 30 steps)

Key finding: MI355X Triton E2E speedup (22%) is significantly higher than H100 CUDA reference (6%), because MI355X's default PyTorch RMSNorm path has more room for optimization.

Micro-benchmark Results (R9700, BF16)

RMSNorm bandwidth utilization: 483 GB/s (R9700 theoretical: ~608 GB/s, ~79%).

R9700 speedups are higher than MI355X because PyTorch's default RDNA4 backend is less mature, leaving more room for Triton optimization. The bandwidth utilization (79%) is also significantly better than MI355X (44%).

End-to-End LTX-Video (R9700, 25 frames, 30 steps)

Reviewer-facing benchmark files for this comparison live in examples/ltx-video-benchmark/, including:

• Summary table with gen_time_s, time_per_step_s, peak_memory_gb, and speedup
• Consolidated JSON results in examples/ltx-video-benchmark/benchmark_results.json
• OpenCode run outputs in examples/ltx-video-benchmark/trace/opencode_live/results.json
• OpenCode parsed trace in examples/ltx-video-benchmark/trace/opencode_live/opencode_trace_result.json

R9700 Additional Validation

CUDA Reference (H100, for comparison)

H100 E2E: ~6% (RMSNorm is ~5% of total compute).

Optimization Targets

Common Issues on ROCm

See troubleshooting.md for all common issues.

Performance Profiling

rocprof --stats python your_kernel.py
rocprofv3 -i metrics.txt python your_kernel.py
rocm-bandwidth-test
rocminfo | grep -E "Name|Compute Unit|Wavefront"

See Also

Benchmark & Test Scripts

• benchmark_kernels.py - Micro-benchmark all 4 kernels (correctness + perf + bandwidth)
• benchmark_e2e.py - End-to-end LTX-Video pipeline benchmark (baseline vs Triton vs compile)
• sweep_num_warps.py - num_warps sweep for R9700 Wave32 optimization
• ltx_kernel_injection_example.py - Minimal diffusers injection example
• transformers_injection_example.py - Minimal transformers injection example
• huggingface_kernels_example.py - HuggingFace Kernels Hub integration example

Integration Guides

• diffusers-integration.md - LTX-Video pipeline integration
• transformers-integration.md - LLaMA/Mistral/Qwen integration
• huggingface-kernels-integration.md - HuggingFace Kernels Hub (get_kernel)
• kernel-templates.md - Complete Triton kernel templates (incl. GEMM with XCD Swizzle)

GPU Optimization Guides

• mi355x-optimization-guide.md - MI355X (gfx950) deep dive
• r9700-optimization-guide.md - R9700 (RDNA4) deep dive

Reference

• troubleshooting.md - Common issues and solutions
• kernelbench-classification.md - KernelBench operator taxonomy
• skill-evaluation-methodology.md - How to evaluate and improve skills
• kernel-agent-knowledge-base.md - Knowledge from kernel-agent project

External Resources

• Triton Documentation
• ROCm Documentation
• HuggingFace Kernels Hub
• LTX-Video on HuggingFace
• HuggingFace Diffusers