Purpose

• The task is about Cloudflare DNS records, WAF rules, cache page rules, or Pages build config — prefer cloudflare.
• The target is AWS Lambda, GCP Cloud Functions, or another non-Cloudflare serverless platform — prefer serverless-patterns.
• The task involves only wrangler.toml bindings without any Worker code changes — prefer cloudflare.
• The focus is generic serverless architecture design without Cloudflare-specific constraints.

Operating procedure

1. Identify the Worker entry point. Locate the src/index.ts (or .js) file exported as the Worker module. Confirm it exports a fetch handler and optionally scheduled, queue, or email handlers.
2. Set up the local dev environment. Run wrangler dev to start the local development server. Confirm bindings (KV, R2, D1, Durable Objects) are available via --local or --remote flags.
3. Implement the fetch handler. Parse the incoming Request URL and method. Route to handler functions using a router (Hono: app.get('/path', handler), itty-router: router.get('/path', handler)). Return a new Response() with appropriate status, headers, and body.
4. Add middleware. Insert middleware functions for cross-cutting concerns: CORS headers (Access-Control-Allow-Origin), authentication (verify JWT or API key from Authorization header), request logging (timestamp, method, path, status), and error wrapping (try/catch returning 500 with error ID).
5. Implement Durable Object classes. Export a class extending DurableObject. Implement fetch() for HTTP-based state access. Use this.ctx.storage.get/put/delete for persistent state. Use this.ctx.storage.transaction() for atomic multi-key operations. Bind the DO in wrangler.toml under [durable_objects].
6. Wire data access patterns. For KV: use env.MY_KV.get(key) / .put(key, value, {expirationTtl}). For R2: use env.MY_BUCKET.get(key) / .put(key, body). For D1: use env.MY_DB.prepare('SELECT ...').bind(params).all(). Handle null returns (key not found) explicitly.
7. Implement scheduled handlers. Export a scheduled(event, env, ctx) function. Use event.cron to distinguish between multiple cron triggers. Use ctx.waitUntil() for async work that must complete after the handler returns.
8. Set up service bindings. In wrangler.toml, add [[services]] with binding, service, and environment. Call the bound service from Worker code via env.MY_SERVICE.fetch(request).
9. Write tests. Use Miniflare for integration tests that exercise bindings. Use Vitest with (unstable_dev) for unit tests. Mock external fetches with . Test Durable Objects by creating stubs via .

Decision rules

• Use Durable Objects when you need strongly consistent state or coordination between requests — KV is eventually consistent.
• Use KV for read-heavy, write-infrequent data (config, feature flags, cached API responses).
• Use R2 for binary data >25MB or when S3-compatible API access is needed.
• Use D1 for relational queries — but be aware of row limits and SQLite constraints.
• Use ctx.waitUntil() for fire-and-forget work (analytics, logging) — do not await it in the response path.
• Use service bindings over fetch('https://other-worker.example.com') to avoid network overhead and enforce internal-only access.
• Keep Worker code under the 1MB compressed size limit. Use dynamic imports or split into multiple Workers if approaching the limit.

Output requirements

1. Worker code — the fetch/scheduled handler implementation with proper typing.
2. Durable Object class — if stateful logic is needed, the class with storage operations.
3. wrangler.toml changes — any new bindings, DO declarations, or service binding configs.
4. Test file — at least one test covering the primary handler path.
5. Deployment verification — confirmed the Worker responds correctly at its production route.

References

• Workers runtime API: https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/runtime-apis/
• Durable Objects: https://developers.cloudflare.com/durable-objects/
• Hono framework for Workers: https://hono.dev/docs/getting-started/cloudflare-workers
• Miniflare testing: https://miniflare.dev/
• Workers size and CPU limits: https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/platform/limits/
• references/preflight-checklist.md

Related skills

• cloudflare — DNS, WAF, Pages, R2/KV/D1 provisioning and wrangler.toml configuration.
• serverless-patterns — generic serverless architecture patterns.
• vercel — alternative edge runtime platform.

Anti-patterns

• Blocking the fetch handler with long-running synchronous work — use ctx.waitUntil() for background tasks.
• Using fetch() to call another Worker in the same account instead of service bindings.
• Storing large objects (>25MB) in KV — use R2 instead.
• Relying on global variables for request-scoped state — Workers may share isolates across requests.
• Not handling the null return from KV.get() or R2.get() — always check for missing keys.
• Writing Durable Object state without transactions when multiple keys must be atomically consistent.

Failure handling

• If wrangler dev fails to start, check that wrangler.toml bindings have valid IDs and that node_modules is installed.
• If a Worker exceeds CPU time limits, profile the handler to find expensive operations. Move heavy computation to a queued Worker or Durable Object alarm.
• If Durable Object storage operations throw, wrap in try/catch and return a 503 with a retry-after header.
• If wrangler deploy succeeds but the Worker returns errors, check wrangler tail for unhandled exceptions and verify all environment bindings are provisioned in the target environment.
• If the task is about platform configuration (DNS, WAF, caching) rather than Worker code, redirect to the cloudflare skill.