Codegen Images

simpleImage — Icon/Glyph Renderer

Renders SVG path data to an OffscreenCanvas. Paths should be centered at origin (0,0).

function simpleImage(path="M-22 -22 h44 v44 h-44 Z", width=64, height=width, opts={}) {
  let {
    background = "#0000",
    stroke = "#000f",
    fill = "#fffa",
    thickness = width/32,
    transform = [1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0],
    scale = 1,
    angle = 0
  } = opts;
  const canvas = new OffscreenCanvas(width, height);
  const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
  let path2d = new Path2D(path);
  if (!(transform instanceof DOMMatrix)) {
    transform = new DOMMatrix(transform);
  }
  // For origin-centered paths: build T·R·S matrix (applies as scale, rotate, translate)
  transform.translateSelf(width/2, height/2);
  transform.rotateSelf(angle);
  transform.scaleSelf(scale, scale);
  let transformed = new Path2D();
  transformed.addPath(path2d, transform);
  path2d = transformed;
  
  ctx.fillStyle = background;
  ctx.fillRect(0, 0, width, height);
  ctx.fillStyle = fill;
  ctx.strokeStyle = stroke;
  ctx.lineWidth = thickness;
  ctx.stroke(path2d);
  ctx.fill(path2d);
  return canvas;
}

Minified version (use when embedding in other JavaScript programs):

function simpleImage(p="M-22 -22 h44 v44 h-44 Z",w=64,h=w,o={}){let{background:b="#0000",stroke:s="#000f",fill:f="#fffa",thickness:t=w/32,transform:m=[1,0,0,1,0,0],scale:c=1,angle:a=0}=o;const C=new OffscreenCanvas(w,h),X=C.getContext("2d");let P=new Path2D(p);m instanceof DOMMatrix||(m=new DOMMatrix(m));m.translateSelf(w/2,h/2);m.rotateSelf(a);m.scaleSelf(c,c);let T=new Path2D;T.addPath(P,m);P=T;X.fillStyle=b;X.fillRect(0,0,w,h);X.fillStyle=f;X.strokeStyle=s;X.lineWidth=t;X.stroke(P);X.fill(P);return C}

Parameters:

• path — SVG path string (multiple subpaths supported via space separation or M commands)
• width, height — canvas dimensions in pixels (default: 64)
• opts.background — canvas background color (default: transparent)
• opts.stroke, opts.fill — path stroke and fill colors
• opts.thickness — stroke width (default: width/32)
• opts.transform — base transform matrix [a,b,c,d,e,f] or DOMMatrix
• opts.scale, opts.angle — additional scale factor and rotation in degrees

Output Format Converters

// Data URL (for img.src, CSS background-image)
const blob = await canvas.convertToBlob({ type: "image/png" });
const dataUrl = URL.createObjectURL(blob);

// ImageData (for pixel manipulation)
const imageData = canvas.getContext("2d").getImageData(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);

// ImageBitmap (for efficient drawing, transferable to workers)
const bitmap = await createImageBitmap(canvas);

// Blob (for downloads, FormData)
const blob = await canvas.convertToBlob({ type: "image/png" });

Convenience Wrapper

async function makeIcon(path, size = 64, opts = {}) {
  const canvas = simpleImage(path, size, size, opts);
  const blob = await canvas.convertToBlob({ type: "image/png" });
  return {
    canvas,
    dataUrl: URL.createObjectURL(blob),
    imageData: canvas.getContext("2d").getImageData(0, 0, size, size),
    bitmap: await createImageBitmap(canvas),
    blob
  };
}

Common Paths Library

See references/common-paths.md for a library of reusable SVG paths:

• Electronics symbols (MOSFET, NAND, resistor, capacitor, etc.)
• UI icons (arrows, close, check, plus, menu, etc.)
• Geometric shapes and decorative elements

Paths are centered at origin (0, 0) with content spanning -24 to +24 on each axis. The scale parameter works intuitively:

// Default: scale=1 fills 64×64 canvas with ~8px padding
const icon64 = simpleImage(PATHS.CHECK, 64, 64, opts);

// For other sizes, scale proportionally
const icon48 = simpleImage(PATHS.CHECK, 48, 48, { ...opts, scale: 48/64 });
const icon32 = simpleImage(PATHS.CHECK, 32, 32, { ...opts, scale: 32/64 });
const icon128 = simpleImage(PATHS.CHECK, 128, 128, { ...opts, scale: 2 });

Fill-Safe Stroke-Only Paths

When rendering SVG paths, some environments call both fill() and stroke() on every path. This causes unintended fills in shapes meant to be stroke-only. To create paths that remain visually stroke-only even when filled, construct them with zero enclosed area.

Lines: Break with m 0 0

A single line segment has no area. Insert m 0 0 between segments to break the path into separate zero-area subpaths:

M0 0 L10 10 m 0 0 L20 0 m 0 0 L10 10

Each segment is isolated—fill() produces nothing visible.

Cubic Bézier Curves (C): Ping-Pong Control Points

Trace the curve forward, then back with control points reversed. For points P1→P2→P3→P4, use order 1,2,3,4,3,2,1:

M P1 C P2 P3 P4 C P3 P2 P1 m 0 0 L P4

Example: Curve from (2,9) to (3,11) with control points (4,3) and (6,5):

M2 9 C4 3 6 5 3 11 C6 5 4 3 2 9 m 0 0 L3 11

The curve goes to (3,11) and returns to (2,9) via the same shape, enclosing zero area. The m 0 0 breaks the path, then L3 11 draws a visible line to the endpoint.

Quadratic Bézier Curves (Q): Same Principle

For Q curves with control point P2: go P1→P2→P3, return P3→P2→P1:

M P1 Q P2 P3 Q P2 P1 m 0 0 L P3

Example:

M3 1 Q-3 -1.5 8 9 Q-3 -1.5 3 1 m 0 0 L8 9 m 0 0

Arcs (A): Reverse the Sweep Flag

For arcs, keep radii and rotation the same, but flip the sweep flag (0↔1) and swap start/end points:

M P1 A rx ry rot large sweep P2 A rx ry rot large !sweep P1 m 0 0 L P2

Example: Arc from (5,2) to (7,3):

M5 2 A1.2 3.4 5.6 0 1 7 3 A1.2 3.4 5.6 0 0 5 2 m 0 0 L7 3

The first arc sweeps clockwise (flag=1), the return arc sweeps counter-clockwise (flag=0), enclosing zero area.

Summary

Arrow Direction Clarity

When creating directional arrows (like refresh icons), make the direction clear by including a short segment in the pointing direction before the barbs spread:

// Unclear - barbs go directly diagonal from tip
M0 -24 L-8 -18 m 0 0 M0 -24 L-8 -30

// Clear - horizontal left segment establishes direction, then barbs spread
M0 -24 L-5 -24 L3 -15 m 0 0 M0 -24 L-5 -24 L3 -32

The bent arrow shape tip → direction → barb is more readable than tip → barb alone.

The arrow-path.js generator uses these techniques automatically when headType: 'open' is specified.

Compact Path Encoding

For minimal code size when embedding, paths can be encoded to ~42% of original size.

Source of truth: references/common-paths.md (human-readable paths)

Path Authoring Tips

When creating SVG paths for optimal encoding:

1. Use relative commands (lowercase) for small movements — they encode with 0.01 precision over ±10.33 range, ideal for fine details
2. Use absolute commands (uppercase) for large coordinates — they encode with 0.1 precision over ±103.3 range
3. Quantize values to the encoding grid — values that align to 0.1 (absolute) or 0.01 (relative) encode in 2 chars; misaligned values fall back to literal encoding
4. Prefer integers -25 to +25 — these encode as a single character
5. Use relative commands after the initial M — e.g., M0 0 l10 5 l-5 10 instead of M0 0 L10 5 L5 15

Example optimization:

// Before: all absolute, wastes bytes on repeated large coords
"M100 100 L110 105 L105 115 L100 100 Z"

// After: absolute start, relative moves
"M100 100 l10 5 l-5 10 l-5 -15 z"  // smaller encoding, same path

Generating Encoded Paths

To generate encoded paths for embedding:

cd /path/to/codegen-images
node scripts/path-codec.js --encode-all > encoded-paths.js

This outputs ready-to-use JavaScript with the decoder and all encoded paths:

// Path decoder (197 bytes) - case-aware precision
function Q([e]){let c,t,n,d="",l=0,o=c=>e.charCodeAt(l++)-33;for(;l<e.length;d+=t<20?(c=1&t?100:10,"MmLlHhVvCcSsQqTtAaZz"[t]):t<71?t-45+" ":71==t?(n=o(),e.slice(l,l+=n)):(94*(t-72)+o()-1033)/c+" ")t=o();return d}

// Encoded paths - generated from common-paths.md
const PATHS = {
  UI: {
    ARROW_RIGHT: Q`!>:#bN>b3`,
    CHECK: Q`!8P#H\`d<`,
    // ...
  },
  // ...
};

Encoding precision: The 2-character number encoding adapts precision based on command case:

• Uppercase commands (M, L, H, V, etc.): ÷10 → range ±103.3, step 0.1
• Lowercase commands (m, l, h, v, etc.): ÷100 → range ±10.33, step 0.01

This trades range for precision with relative coordinates, which typically have smaller values.

To encode a single path:

node scripts/path-codec.js --encode "M-16 -20 L20 0 -16 20 Z"
# Output: !>:#bN>b3

To decode (for verification):

node scripts/path-codec.js --decode '!>:#bN>b3'
# Output: M-16 -20 L20 0 -16 20 Z

Avoiding global scope: The decoder Q can be defined within a closure or IIFE. Encoded literals are decoded at definition time, so the resulting object contains plain strings and can be exported after Q goes out of scope:

const PATHS = (() => {
  function Q([e]){let c,t,n,d="",l=0,o=c=>e.charCodeAt(l++)-33;for(;l<e.length;d+=t<20?(c=1&t?100:10,"MmLlHhVvCcSsQqTtAaZz"[t]):t<71?t-45+" ":71==t?(n=o(),e.slice(l,l+=n)):(94*(t-72)+o()-1033)/c+" ")t=o();return d}
  return {
    ARROW_RIGHT: Q`!>:#bN>b3`,
    CHECK: Q`!8P#H\`d<`,
  };
})();
// PATHS.ARROW_RIGHT is now "M-16 -20 L20 0 -16 20 Z" (plain string)

Saving to PNG (Node.js)

To generate PNG files for use in other skills, use scripts/save_png.js:

# Install dependency (one-time)
npm install @napi-rs/canvas

# Generate image
node scripts/save_png.js --path "M-16 -20 L20 0 -16 20 Z" --size 64 --out icon.png

# Use a preset
node scripts/save_png.js --preset nand_gate --size 48 --fill "#fff" --stroke "#000" --out nand.png

# List available presets
node scripts/save_png.js --list-presets

See script for full options including stroke, fill, background, scale, and rotation.

Rendering Raytraced Test Images (Node.js)

Generate raytraced PNG test images using scripts/render_scene.js:

# Install dependency (one-time)
npm install @napi-rs/canvas

# Render default scene
node scripts/render_scene.js --size 512 --out test.png

# Use a preset scene
node scripts/render_scene.js --scene rgb --size 256 --out rgb.png

# Custom camera position
node scripts/render_scene.js --scene mirror --camera 0,2,6 --out mirror.png

# List available scenes
node scripts/render_scene.js --list-scenes

Available scenes: default, mirror, rgb, single, metallic

Test Images — Raytraced Scenes

Generate placeholder/test images with a compact raytracer. Returns ImageData.

// Minified raytracer - spheres on checkerboard plane with reflections
// W=width, H=height, S=scene, C=camera, L=lookAt, P=planeTexture
function makeTestImage(W=256,H=W,S,C,L,P=(([x,,y])=>8*x&1^8*y&1)){let I=new ImageData(W,H),D=I.data,M=Math,A=M.abs,U=M.max,m=e=>U(0,M.min(1,e)),O=a=>Array.from(a[0],b=>b.charCodeAt()/25-3),p=e=>(t,l)=>t.map((t,a)=>e(t,l[a])),i=(e,t)=>e+t,u=p(i),R=p((e,t)=>e-t),o=p((e,t)=>e*t),c=(e,t)=>e.map(e=>e*t),b=(e,t)=>o(e,t).reduce(i),g=e=>c(e,1/(M.hypot(...e)||1)),h=([e,t,l])=>[t,l,e],d=(e,t)=>R(e,c(t,2*b(e,t))),w=g(R(L||O`KU5`,C||=O`KY~`)),x=(e,t)=>h(R(o(e,h(t)),o(h(e),t))),y=g(x(w,O`KdK`)),G=g(x(y,w)),V=g(O`?bQ`),j=e=>{let t=m(.5*(1-b(e,V)));return[m(1-2*t*t),m(1-2*t),m(1-t/2)]},v=(e,m)=>{let p,s,t=1e9,k=-1,n=O`KdK`;if(A(m[1])>1e-6){let a=-e[1]/m[1];a>1e-4&&(t=a,k=0,p=u(e,c(m,a)))}for(let [r,i,o,h,d,...B] of S){let q=R(e,B),w=b(q,m),x=w*w-(b(q,q)-r*r);if(x>0){let l=M.sqrt(x),b=-w-l;b<1e-4&&(b=-w+l),b>1e-4&&b<t&&(t=b,k=1,p=u(e,c(m,b)),n=g(R(p,B)),s={c:[i,o,h],f:d})}}return k<0?0:{t,k,p,n,s}},z=(e,t)=>{let a=O`KKK`,r=O`ddd`;for(let _ of r){let Q=v(e,t);if(!Q){let e=j(t);return u(a,o(r,e))}let i,h,Z=Q.p,q=Q.n;if(0==Q.k){i=P(Z)?O`^_a`:O`MNO`,h=.1+.38*m(1-A(t[1]))}else i=Q.s.c,h=Q.s.f;let x=v(u(Z,c(q,1e-4)),V)?.t<20?.18:1,y=(x?1:0)*U(0,b(q,g(R(V,t))))**(Q.k?120:70),G=u(c(i,x*(.1+.9*U(0,b(q,V)))*(.65+.35*q[1])),c(O`ddd`,y*(Q.k?.55:.35)+.18*U(0,1+b(t,q))**2));if(a=u(a,o(r,G)),h<.001)break;r=c(r,h),e=u(Z,c(q,1e-4)),t=g(d(t,q))}return a};S||=[O`UdPN^9U=`,O`SM]d\\QS.`,O`WbbdbbWD`,O`Pd\`NXHPM`];for(let l=0;l<H;l++){let a=.4*(1-2*(l+.5)/H);for(let f=0;f<W;f++){let n=z(C,g(u(u(c(y,.4*(2*(f+.5)/W-1)*(W/H)),c(G,a)),w))).map((e=>(e/(1+e))**(1/2.2)));n=(e=>n.map((t=>m(1.6875*t-.4375*e-.125))))(b(n,[.2126,.7152,.0722]));let p=(f+.5)/W-.5,i=(l+.5)/H-.5,k=m(1-.85*(p*p+i*i));n=c(n,k);let o=4*(l*W+f);D.set(c(n,255),o),D[o+3]=255}}return I}

Parameters:

• W, H — width/height in pixels (default: 256×256)
• S — scene array of spheres: [[radius, r, g, b, reflectivity, x, y, z], ...]
• C — camera position [x, y, z] (default: [0, 1.4, 4])
• L — look-at target [x, y, z] (default: [0, 0.8, -2])
• P — plane texture function ([x,y,z]) => 0|1 (default: checkerboard)

Encoding spheres: The default scene uses encoded strings. To create custom scenes, use arrays directly:

// [radius, r, g, b, reflectivity, x, y, z]
const customScene = [
  [0.8, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.3, 0, 0.8, 0],    // red sphere
  [0.5, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 0.5, -1.5, 0.5, 1], // green sphere, more reflective
  [1.2, 1, 1, 1, 0.9, 2, 1.2, -1],       // large white mirror sphere
];
const img = makeTestImage(512, 512, customScene);

Preset scenes:

const SCENES = {
  // Classic 4-sphere demo
  DEFAULT: [
    [0.6, 0.9, 0.2, 0.3, 0.3, -1.0, 0.6, 0],      // red-pink left
    [0.5, 0.2, 0.8, 0.9, 0.4, 0.8, 0.5, 0.5],     // cyan right-front
    [0.8, 0.95, 0.95, 1.0, 0.85, 0.3, 0.8, -0.8], // white mirror
    [0.4, 1.0, 0.9, 0.3, 0.2, -0.3, 0.4, 0.8],    // yellow front
  ],
  
  // Single large mirror sphere
  MIRROR: [[1.2, 0.98, 0.98, 1.0, 0.95, 0, 1.2, 0]],
  
  // RGB spheres in a row
  RGB: [
    [0.55, 1.0, 0.15, 0.15, 0.25, -1.1, 0.55, 0],
    [0.55, 0.15, 1.0, 0.15, 0.25, 0, 0.55, 0],
    [0.55, 0.15, 0.15, 1.0, 0.25, 1.1, 0.55, 0],
  ],
  
  // Metallic gold and silver
  METALLIC: [
    [0.7, 0.9, 0.8, 0.3, 0.7, -0.8, 0.7, 0],
    [0.7, 0.8, 0.8, 0.85, 0.8, 0.8, 0.7, 0],
  ],
};

// Custom plane textures
const PLANE_TEXTURES = {
  checker: ([x,,z]) => (8*x & 1) ^ (8*z & 1),
  stripes: ([x,,z]) => (4*z & 1),
  dots: ([x,,z]) => (Math.hypot(x % 1 - 0.5, z % 1 - 0.5) < 0.3) ? 1 : 0,
};

Usage with output converters:

// Generate and display
const imageData = makeTestImage(512, 512);
const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
canvas.width = imageData.width;
canvas.height = imageData.height;
canvas.getContext('2d').putImageData(imageData, 0, 0);
document.body.appendChild(canvas);

// As data URL
const dataUrl = canvas.toDataURL('image/png');

// As ImageBitmap
const bitmap = await createImageBitmap(imageData);

Future: Additional Test Patterns

Placeholder for simpler test pattern generators:

• Checkerboard, gradient, color bars
• Resolution/sharpness test patterns
• Placeholder images with dimensions overlay

Arrow Path Generator

Generate arrow paths programmatically with correct head angles using scripts/arrow-path.js:

# Simple arrow from (0,0) to (100,50)
node scripts/arrow-path.js 0 0 100 50

# Origin-centered arrow pointing right, 48px long (for simpleImage)
node scripts/arrow-path.js --centered 1 0 48

# Open chevron (fill-safe, stroke-only)
node scripts/arrow-path.js --centered 1 0 48 --head-type open

# Tapered shaft
node scripts/arrow-path.js 0 0 80 40 --base-wid 12 --neck-wid 4 --head-wid 20

# Using a preset
node scripts/arrow-path.js --preset tapered 0 0 100 50

# Show encoded form
node scripts/arrow-path.js --centered 1 0 48 --encode

CLI Argument Order

Important: The CLI expects coordinates as positional arguments. Options can come before or after, but coordinates must be contiguous:

# CORRECT - options before coordinates
node scripts/arrow-path.js --head-len 16 --head-wid 18 0 0 100 50

# CORRECT - options after coordinates  
node scripts/arrow-path.js 0 0 100 50 --head-len 16 --head-wid 18

# CORRECT - centered mode with options
node scripts/arrow-path.js --centered 1 0 48 --head-type open

Using as a Module (Recommended for Complex Cases)

For diagonal arrows, custom modulators, or piping to other scripts, use as a module:

const { arrowPathD, arrowPathCentered, PRESETS } = require('./scripts/arrow-path.js');
const { encodePath } = require('./scripts/path-codec.js');

// Diagonal arrow from point A to point B
const d = arrowPathD(-18, 12, 20, -10, { headLen: 16, headWid: 18 });

// Encode for compact storage
const encoded = encodePath(d);

// Origin-centered arrow (for simpleImage icons)
const d2 = arrowPathCentered(1, -1, 48, { headType: 'open' });

Piping to save_png.js

Generate and render in one pipeline:

# Using node -e for complex arrow generation
node -e "
const { arrowPathD } = require('./scripts/arrow-path.js');
const { encodePath } = require('./scripts/path-codec.js');
const d = arrowPathD(-18, 12, 20, -10, { headLen: 16, headWid: 18 });
console.log(encodePath(d));
" | node scripts/save_png.js --stdin --encoded-path --size 96 --out arrow.png

# Simple case - raw path output
node scripts/arrow-path.js 0 0 48 0 | node scripts/save_png.js --stdin --out arrow.png

Options:

• headType: 'filled' (default) or 'open' (fill-safe for batch renderers)
• headLen: Head length along arrow direction (default: 14)
• headWid: Head width at base (default: neckWid + 10)
• baseWid: Shaft width at start, 0 = centerline only (default: 0)
• neckWid: Shaft width at head (default: baseWid/3)
• segments: Shaft segments for smooth curves (default: 1)
• shorten: End shaft at head base (default: true)
• modulator: Function t => offset for curved arrows

Presets: simple, chevron, tapered, block, pointer, wide

Fill-safe open arrows: The headType: 'open' option generates paths with m 0 0 breaks between segments, ensuring zero fill area even when a renderer applies both fill() and stroke() to all paths.

Usage Examples

// Paths are centered at origin. Arrow path: M-22 0 L22 0 M8 -14 L22 0 L8 14
const arrow = simpleImage("M-22 0 L22 0 M8 -14 L22 0 L8 14", 64, 64, {
  fill: "#0000", stroke: "#333", thickness: 4
});

// NAND gate symbol at 64×64 (default scale)
const nand = simpleImage(PATHS.NAND_GATE, 64, 64, {
  fill: "#fff", stroke: "#000", thickness: 2
});

// Same icon at 48×48 - just use scale parameter
const nandSmall = simpleImage(PATHS.NAND_GATE, 48, 48, {
  fill: "#fff", stroke: "#000", thickness: 1.5, scale: 48/64
});

// Convert to blob and use as img src
const blob = await arrow.convertToBlob({ type: "image/png" });
const img = new Image();
img.src = URL.createObjectURL(blob);

// Draw to visible canvas
const ctx = document.getElementById("myCanvas").getContext("2d");
ctx.drawImage(nand, 0, 0);