Ios Expert

2. SwiftUI Best Practices

• Keep views small and composable
• Extract subviews and view modifiers for reuse
• Use @StateObject for owned observable objects, @ObservedObject for injected ones
• Prefer @Observable (Observation framework) on iOS 17+
• Use environment values and preferences for view communication
• Implement proper previews for rapid iteration

3. UIKit Best Practices

• Use Auto Layout with constraints (programmatic preferred over storyboards)
• Implement UICollectionView with DiffableDataSource and compositional layouts
• Follow coordinator or router patterns for navigation
• Manage memory with proper retain cycle prevention (weak/unowned)
• Use UIViewRepresentable to bridge UIKit into SwiftUI

4. Architecture Patterns

• MVVM as default architecture for SwiftUI apps
• Clean Architecture or VIPER for large-scale apps
• Dependency injection via initializer injection or environment
• Repository pattern for data access abstraction
• Use cases / interactors for business logic isolation

5. Concurrency & Networking

• Use async/await for all asynchronous code
• Actors for thread-safe mutable state
• Structured concurrency with TaskGroups for parallel work
• URLSession with async/await for networking
• Combine for reactive streams where appropriate

Code Structure

SwiftUI View Template

import SwiftUI

struct ContentView: View {
    @StateObject private var viewModel = ContentViewModel()
    @Environment(\.dismiss) private var dismiss

    var body: some View {
        NavigationStack {
            List(viewModel.items) { item in
                ItemRow(item: item)
            }
            .navigationTitle("Items")
            .toolbar {
                ToolbarItem(placement: .primaryAction) {
                    Button("Add", systemImage: "plus") {
                        viewModel.addItem()
                    }
                }
            }
            .task {
                await viewModel.loadItems()
            }
            .refreshable {
                await viewModel.loadItems()
            }
            .alert("Error", isPresented: $viewModel.showError) {
                Button("OK") {}
            } message: {
                Text(viewModel.errorMessage)
            }
        }
    }
}

#Preview {
    ContentView()
}

ViewModel Template

import Foundation
import Observation

@Observable
final class ContentViewModel {
    var items: [Item] = []
    var isLoading = false
    var showError = false
    var errorMessage = ""

    private let repository: ItemRepositoryProtocol

    init(repository: ItemRepositoryProtocol = ItemRepository()) {
        self.repository = repository
    }

    func loadItems() async {
        isLoading = true
        defer { isLoading = false }

        do {
            items = try await repository.fetchItems()
        } catch {
            errorMessage = error.localizedDescription
            showError = true
        }
    }

    func addItem() {
        let newItem = Item(title: "New Item", createdAt: .now)
        items.append(newItem)
    }
}

Networking Layer Template

import Foundation

protocol APIClientProtocol {
    func request<T: Decodable>(_ endpoint: Endpoint) async throws -> T
}

struct APIClient: APIClientProtocol {
    private let session: URLSession
    private let decoder: JSONDecoder

    init(session: URLSession = .shared) {
        self.session = session
        self.decoder = JSONDecoder()
        self.decoder.dateDecodingStrategy = .iso8601
        self.decoder.keyDecodingStrategy = .convertFromSnakeCase
    }

    func request<T: Decodable>(_ endpoint: Endpoint) async throws -> T {
        let (data, response) = try await session.data(for: endpoint.urlRequest)

        guard let httpResponse = response as? HTTPURLResponse else {
            throw APIError.invalidResponse
        }

        guard (200...299).contains(httpResponse.statusCode) else {
            throw APIError.httpError(statusCode: httpResponse.statusCode)
        }

        return try decoder.decode(T.self, from: data)
    }
}

enum APIError: LocalizedError {
    case invalidResponse
    case httpError(statusCode: Int)

    var errorDescription: String? {
        switch self {
        case .invalidResponse: "Invalid server response"
        case .httpError(let code): "Server error (HTTP \(code))"
        }
    }
}

Common Patterns

1. SwiftData Persistence (iOS 17+)

import SwiftData

@Model
final class Task {
    var title: String
    var isCompleted: Bool
    var createdAt: Date

    init(title: String, isCompleted: Bool = false) {
        self.title = title
        self.isCompleted = isCompleted
        self.createdAt = .now
    }
}

// In App
@main
struct MyApp: App {
    var body: some Scene {
        WindowGroup {
            ContentView()
        }
        .modelContainer(for: Task.self)
    }
}

// In View
struct TaskListView: View {
    @Query(sort: \Task.createdAt, order: .reverse) var tasks: [Task]
    @Environment(\.modelContext) private var context

    var body: some View {
        List(tasks) { task in
            TaskRow(task: task)
        }
    }
}

2. Navigation with NavigationStack

enum Route: Hashable {
    case detail(Item)
    case settings
    case profile(userId: String)
}

struct RootView: View {
    @State private var path = NavigationPath()

    var body: some View {
        NavigationStack(path: $path) {
            HomeView()
                .navigationDestination(for: Route.self) { route in
                    switch route {
                    case .detail(let item): DetailView(item: item)
                    case .settings: SettingsView()
                    case .profile(let id): ProfileView(userId: id)
                    }
                }
        }
    }
}

3. Dependency Injection via Environment

private struct RepositoryKey: EnvironmentKey {
    static let defaultValue: ItemRepositoryProtocol = ItemRepository()
}

extension EnvironmentValues {
    var itemRepository: ItemRepositoryProtocol {
        get { self[RepositoryKey.self] }
        set { self[RepositoryKey.self] = newValue }
    }
}

// Usage in views
struct ItemListView: View {
    @Environment(\.itemRepository) private var repository
}

4. Error Handling Pattern

enum AppError: LocalizedError {
    case networkUnavailable
    case unauthorized
    case notFound
    case serverError(underlying: Error)

    var errorDescription: String? {
        switch self {
        case .networkUnavailable: "No internet connection"
        case .unauthorized: "Please sign in again"
        case .notFound: "Content not found"
        case .serverError: "Something went wrong"
        }
    }

    var recoverySuggestion: String? {
        switch self {
        case .networkUnavailable: "Check your connection and try again"
        case .unauthorized: "Your session has expired"
        default: "Please try again later"
        }
    }
}

Best Practices

1. Project Organization

   • Feature-based folder structure over type-based
   • Separate UI, domain, and data layers
   • Use Swift Package Manager for modularization
   • Co-locate views, view models, and models per feature

2. Performance

   • Profile with Instruments before optimizing
   • Use lazy loading for expensive views (LazyVStack, LazyHStack)
   • Avoid unnecessary redraws — minimize @State mutations
   • Cache images with AsyncImage or dedicated libraries
   • Use background contexts for Core Data / SwiftData writes

3. Testing

   • Unit test view models and business logic
   • Use protocols for dependency injection and mocking
   • UI test critical user flows with XCUITest
   • Snapshot testing for visual regression
   • Test async code with Swift Testing framework

4. Accessibility

   • Add meaningful accessibility labels and hints
   • Support Dynamic Type for all text
   • Ensure proper VoiceOver navigation order
   • Test with Accessibility Inspector
   • Support reduced motion preferences

5. App Lifecycle

   • Handle scene phases (@Environment(.scenePhase))
   • Save state on background transition
   • Handle deep links and universal links
   • Support push notifications properly
   • Implement proper onboarding flows

Anti-Patterns to Avoid

• Massive view bodies — extract subviews
• Business logic in views — move to view models
• Force unwrapping optionals in production code
• Ignoring retain cycles in closures (use [weak self])
• Using DispatchQueue when async/await is available
• Putting networking code directly in views
• Hardcoding strings — use String Catalogs for localization
• Ignoring the main actor for UI updates

Tools & Frameworks

• UI: SwiftUI, UIKit, AppKit (macOS)
• Persistence: SwiftData, Core Data, UserDefaults, Keychain
• Networking: URLSession, Alamofire
• Reactive: Combine, Observation framework
• Testing: XCTest, Swift Testing, XCUITest
• Dependencies: Swift Package Manager
• CI/CD: Xcode Cloud, Fastlane, GitHub Actions
• Analytics: Firebase, Mixpanel, TelemetryDeck
• Payments: StoreKit 2

Implementation Approach

When implementing iOS features:

1. Analyze Requirements — Understand the feature scope and Apple platform capabilities
2. Design Architecture — Plan data flow, navigation, and component structure
3. Define Models — Create data models and protocols first
4. Implement ViewModel — Build business logic with testability in mind
5. Build Views — Compose SwiftUI views, keeping them focused and small
6. Handle Edge Cases — Empty states, errors, loading, offline mode
7. Test — Unit test logic, UI test critical flows
8. Optimize — Profile with Instruments, fix performance issues

This skill ensures production-ready, maintainable, and performant iOS applications following Apple's latest guidelines and modern Swift patterns.