Android Expert

2. Jetpack Compose Best Practices

• Keep composables small, focused, and stateless where possible
• Hoist state to the caller — follow unidirectional data flow
• Use remember and derivedStateOf to minimize recompositions
• Implement proper theming with Material 3 (MaterialTheme)
• Use CompositionLocal sparingly — prefer explicit parameter passing
• Provide @Preview functions for rapid iteration

3. XML/View System Best Practices

• Use ViewBinding over findViewById or synthetic accessors
• RecyclerView with ListAdapter and DiffUtil
• ConstraintLayout for complex layouts, avoid deep nesting
• Fragment-based navigation with Navigation component
• Use View.GONE/INVISIBLE appropriately

4. Architecture Patterns

• MVVM with ViewModel + StateFlow as default
• Clean Architecture for large-scale apps (data/domain/presentation layers)
• Repository pattern for data access abstraction
• Use cases for business logic encapsulation
• Dependency injection with Hilt (preferred) or Koin

5. Concurrency & Networking

• Kotlin Coroutines for all async work
• Flow and StateFlow for reactive data streams
• viewModelScope for ViewModel coroutines
• lifecycleScope for lifecycle-aware coroutines
• Retrofit + OkHttp for networking
• Proper error handling with Result or sealed classes

Code Structure

Compose Screen Template

@Composable
fun ItemListScreen(
    viewModel: ItemListViewModel = hiltViewModel(),
    onItemClick: (String) -> Unit,
) {
    val uiState by viewModel.uiState.collectAsStateWithLifecycle()

    ItemListContent(
        uiState = uiState,
        onItemClick = onItemClick,
        onRefresh = viewModel::refresh,
        onRetry = viewModel::retry,
    )
}

@Composable
private fun ItemListContent(
    uiState: ItemListUiState,
    onItemClick: (String) -> Unit,
    onRefresh: () -> Unit,
    onRetry: () -> Unit,
) {
    Scaffold(
        topBar = {
            TopAppBar(title = { Text("Items") })
        },
    ) { padding ->
        when (uiState) {
            is ItemListUiState.Loading -> {
                Box(Modifier.fillMaxSize(), contentAlignment = Alignment.Center) {
                    CircularProgressIndicator()
                }
            }
            is ItemListUiState.Success -> {
                LazyColumn(contentPadding = padding) {
                    items(uiState.items, key = { it.id }) { item ->
                        ItemRow(
                            item = item,
                            onClick = { onItemClick(item.id) },
                        )
                    }
                }
            }
            is ItemListUiState.Error -> {
                ErrorContent(
                    message = uiState.message,
                    onRetry = onRetry,
                )
            }
        }
    }
}

@Preview(showBackground = true)
@Composable
private fun ItemListContentPreview() {
    AppTheme {
        ItemListContent(
            uiState = ItemListUiState.Success(sampleItems),
            onItemClick = {},
            onRefresh = {},
            onRetry = {},
        )
    }
}

ViewModel Template

@HiltViewModel
class ItemListViewModel @Inject constructor(
    private val repository: ItemRepository,
) : ViewModel() {

    private val _uiState = MutableStateFlow<ItemListUiState>(ItemListUiState.Loading)
    val uiState: StateFlow<ItemListUiState> = _uiState.asStateFlow()

    init {
        loadItems()
    }

    fun refresh() = loadItems()

    fun retry() = loadItems()

    private fun loadItems() {
        viewModelScope.launch {
            _uiState.value = ItemListUiState.Loading
            repository.getItems()
                .onSuccess { items ->
                    _uiState.value = ItemListUiState.Success(items)
                }
                .onFailure { error ->
                    _uiState.value = ItemListUiState.Error(
                        error.message ?: "Something went wrong"
                    )
                }
        }
    }
}

sealed interface ItemListUiState {
    data object Loading : ItemListUiState
    data class Success(val items: List<Item>) : ItemListUiState
    data class Error(val message: String) : ItemListUiState
}

Repository Template

interface ItemRepository {
    suspend fun getItems(): Result<List<Item>>
    suspend fun getItem(id: String): Result<Item>
    suspend fun saveItem(item: Item): Result<Unit>
    suspend fun deleteItem(id: String): Result<Unit>
}

class ItemRepositoryImpl @Inject constructor(
    private val api: ItemApi,
    private val dao: ItemDao,
    private val dispatcher: CoroutineDispatcher = Dispatchers.IO,
) : ItemRepository {

    override suspend fun getItems(): Result<Item> = withContext(dispatcher) {
        runCatching {
            val remote = api.getItems()
            dao.insertAll(remote.map { it.toEntity() })
            dao.getAll().map { it.toDomain() }
        }.recoverCatching {
            // Fallback to cache on network failure
            dao.getAll().map { it.toDomain() }
        }
    }
}

Networking with Retrofit

interface ItemApi {
    @GET("items")
    suspend fun getItems(): List<ItemDto>

    @GET("items/{id}")
    suspend fun getItem(@Path("id") id: String): ItemDto

    @POST("items")
    suspend fun createItem(@Body item: CreateItemRequest): ItemDto
}

@Module
@InstallIn(SingletonComponent::class)
object NetworkModule {
    @Provides
    @Singleton
    fun provideOkHttpClient(): OkHttpClient =
        OkHttpClient.Builder()
            .addInterceptor(HttpLoggingInterceptor().apply {
                level = HttpLoggingInterceptor.Level.BODY
            })
            .connectTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
            .readTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
            .build()

    @Provides
    @Singleton
    fun provideRetrofit(client: OkHttpClient): Retrofit =
        Retrofit.Builder()
            .baseUrl(BuildConfig.BASE_URL)
            .client(client)
            .addConverterFactory(GsonConverterFactory.create())
            .build()

    @Provides
    @Singleton
    fun provideItemApi(retrofit: Retrofit): ItemApi =
        retrofit.create(ItemApi::class.java)
}

Common Patterns

1. Room Database

@Entity(tableName = "items")
data class ItemEntity(
    @PrimaryKey val id: String,
    val title: String,
    val description: String,
    @ColumnInfo(name = "created_at") val createdAt: Long,
)

@Dao
interface ItemDao {
    @Query("SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY created_at DESC")
    suspend fun getAll(): List<ItemEntity>

    @Query("SELECT * FROM items WHERE id = :id")
    suspend fun getById(id: String): ItemEntity?

    @Query("SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY created_at DESC")
    fun observeAll(): Flow<List<ItemEntity>>

    @Upsert
    suspend fun insertAll(items: List<ItemEntity>)

    @Delete
    suspend fun delete(item: ItemEntity)
}

@Database(entities = [ItemEntity::class], version = 1)
abstract class AppDatabase : RoomDatabase() {
    abstract fun itemDao(): ItemDao
}

2. Navigation with Compose

@Serializable data object Home
@Serializable data class Detail(val itemId: String)
@Serializable data object Settings

@Composable
fun AppNavHost(navController: NavHostController = rememberNavController()) {
    NavHost(navController = navController, startDestination = Home) {
        composable<Home> {
            ItemListScreen(
                onItemClick = { id -> navController.navigate(Detail(id)) },
            )
        }
        composable<Detail> { backStackEntry ->
            val detail: Detail = backStackEntry.toRoute()
            ItemDetailScreen(itemId = detail.itemId)
        }
        composable<Settings> {
            SettingsScreen()
        }
    }
}

3. Hilt Dependency Injection

@Module
@InstallIn(SingletonComponent::class)
abstract class RepositoryModule {
    @Binds
    @Singleton
    abstract fun bindItemRepository(impl: ItemRepositoryImpl): ItemRepository
}

@Module
@InstallIn(SingletonComponent::class)
object DatabaseModule {
    @Provides
    @Singleton
    fun provideDatabase(@ApplicationContext context: Context): AppDatabase =
        Room.databaseBuilder(context, AppDatabase::class.java, "app.db")
            .fallbackToDestructiveMigration()
            .build()

    @Provides
    fun provideItemDao(db: AppDatabase): ItemDao = db.itemDao()
}

4. DataStore for Preferences

val Context.dataStore by preferencesDataStore(name = "settings")

object PreferencesKeys {
    val DARK_MODE = booleanPreferencesKey("dark_mode")
    val AUTH_TOKEN = stringPreferencesKey("auth_token")
    val ONBOARDING_COMPLETE = booleanPreferencesKey("onboarding_complete")
}

class SettingsRepository @Inject constructor(
    @ApplicationContext private val context: Context,
) {
    val darkMode: Flow<Boolean> = context.dataStore.data
        .map { it[PreferencesKeys.DARK_MODE] ?: false }

    suspend fun setDarkMode(enabled: Boolean) {
        context.dataStore.edit { it[PreferencesKeys.DARK_MODE] = enabled }
    }
}

Best Practices

1. Project Organization

   • Feature-based package structure over layer-based
   • Separate UI, domain, and data layers per feature
   • Use convention plugins for Gradle build logic
   • Multi-module architecture for large apps

2. Performance

   • Profile with Android Studio Profiler before optimizing
   • Use key parameter in LazyColumn/LazyRow items
   • Avoid unnecessary recompositions — use stable types
   • Use Coil or Glide for image loading with caching
   • Avoid blocking the main thread — use Dispatchers.IO for I/O
   • Use baseline profiles for startup optimization

3. Testing

   • Unit test ViewModels, repositories, and use cases
   • Use fakes over mocks where possible
   • Instrumentation tests for database and UI
   • Use Compose testing APIs (composeTestRule)
   • Test on multiple API levels and screen sizes

4. Accessibility

   • Provide contentDescription for images and icons
   • Support TalkBack navigation
   • Use semantics modifiers in Compose
   • Test with Accessibility Scanner
   • Support font scaling and display size changes

5. App Lifecycle

   • Handle configuration changes properly
   • Save and restore UI state with SavedStateHandle
   • Handle process death gracefully
   • Manage background work with WorkManager
   • Implement proper deep linking

Anti-Patterns to Avoid

• Business logic in composables or Activities/Fragments
• Collecting flows without lifecycle awareness (use collectAsStateWithLifecycle)
• Using GlobalScope for coroutines
• Hardcoded strings — use string resources for localization
• Deep composable nesting without extraction
• Using mutableStateOf when StateFlow is more appropriate in ViewModels
• Ignoring ProGuard/R8 rules for release builds
• Not handling back navigation properly

Tools & Libraries

• UI: Jetpack Compose, Material 3, Accompanist
• Persistence: Room, DataStore, SQLDelight
• Networking: Retrofit, OkHttp, Ktor Client
• DI: Hilt, Koin
• Images: Coil, Glide
• Navigation: Navigation Compose, Voyager
• Async: Kotlin Coroutines, Flow
• Testing: JUnit, Turbine, Mockk, Compose Test
• Build: Gradle Kotlin DSL, Version Catalogs
• CI/CD: GitHub Actions, Bitrise, Firebase App Distribution
• Analytics: Firebase Analytics, Mixpanel
• Crash Reporting: Firebase Crashlytics

Implementation Approach

When implementing Android features:

1. Analyze Requirements — Understand the feature scope and Android platform capabilities
2. Design Architecture — Plan data flow, navigation, and module structure
3. Define Models — Create data models, DTOs, entities, and domain objects
4. Implement Data Layer — Build API clients, DAOs, and repositories
5. Build ViewModel — Implement business logic with proper state management
6. Compose UI — Build composables following unidirectional data flow
7. Handle Edge Cases — Empty states, errors, loading, offline, process death
8. Test — Unit test logic, compose test UI, instrumentation test integration
9. Optimize — Profile performance, reduce APK size, add baseline profiles

This skill ensures production-ready, maintainable, and performant Android applications following Google's latest guidelines and modern Kotlin patterns.