Firebase Database

2. Setup and Configuration

flutter pub add firebase_database

import 'package:firebase_database/firebase_database.dart';

// After Firebase.initializeApp():
final DatabaseReference ref = FirebaseDatabase.instance.ref();

• Select the database location closest to users.
• Enable persistence for offline capabilities:

FirebaseDatabase.instance.setPersistenceEnabled(true);
FirebaseDatabase.instance.setPersistenceCacheSizeBytes(10000000); // 10MB

Setup Checklist

1. Confirm Firebase.initializeApp() completes before accessing FirebaseDatabase.instance.
2. Set persistence before any read/write operations.
3. Verify connectivity by writing a test value and reading it back.

3. Data Structure

• Structure data as a flattened JSON tree — avoid deep nesting.
• Maximum nesting depth is 32 levels.
• Design the data structure to support the most common queries.
• Use push IDs for unique identifiers in list-type data:

final newPostKey = FirebaseDatabase.instance.ref().child('posts').push().key;

• Denormalize data when necessary — Realtime Database does not support joins.
• Custom keys must be UTF-8 encoded, max 768 bytes, and cannot contain . $ # [ ] / or ASCII control characters 0-31 or 127.

Flattened Structure Example

// Instead of nesting chat messages inside rooms:
// rooms/roomId/messages/messageId/...

// Flatten into separate top-level paths:
// rooms/roomId: { name: "General", createdBy: "uid1" }
// room-members/roomId: { uid1: true, uid2: true }
// room-messages/roomId/messageId: { text: "Hello", sender: "uid1", timestamp: ... }

This pattern allows reading room metadata without downloading all messages.

4. Indexing and Querying

• Queries can sort or filter on a property, but not both in the same query.
• Use .indexOn in security rules to index frequently queried fields:

{
  "rules": {
    "dinosaurs": {
      ".indexOn": ["height", "length"]
    }
  }
}

• Queries are deep by default and return the entire subtree.
• Sort with orderByChild(), orderByKey(), or orderByValue():

final query = FirebaseDatabase.instance.ref("dinosaurs").orderByChild("height");

• Limit results with limitToFirst() or limitToLast():

final query = ref.orderByChild("height").limitToFirst(10);

• Range queries using startAt(), endAt(), and equalTo():

// Find users whose name starts with "A"
final query = ref.child("users")
    .orderByChild("name")
    .startAt("A")
    .endAt("A\uf8ff");

5. Read and Write Operations

Read once:

final snapshot = await FirebaseDatabase.instance.ref('users/123').get();
if (snapshot.exists) {
  print(snapshot.value);
}

Real-time listener:

final subscription = FirebaseDatabase.instance
    .ref('users/123')
    .onValue
    .listen((event) {
      final data = event.snapshot.value;
      print(data);
    });

// Cancel when no longer needed:
subscription.cancel();

A DatabaseEvent fires every time data changes at the reference, including changes to children.

Write (replace):

await ref.set({
  "name": "John",
  "age": 18,
  "created_at": ServerValue.timestamp,
});

Update (partial):

await ref.update({"age": 19});

Atomic transaction:

final result = await FirebaseDatabase.instance
    .ref('posts/123/likes')
    .runTransaction((currentValue) {
      return Transaction.success((currentValue as int? ?? 0) + 1);
    });
print('Likes: ${result.snapshot.value}');

Multi-path atomic update:

final updates = <String, dynamic>{
  'posts/$postId': postData,
  'user-posts/$uid/$postId': postData,
};
await FirebaseDatabase.instance.ref().update(updates);

• Keep individual write operations under 256KB.
• Use listeners for real-time updates rather than polling.

6. Designing for Scale

• Realtime Database scales to ~200,000 concurrent connections and 1,000 writes/second per database. For higher scale, shard data across multiple database instances.
• Avoid storing large blobs — use Firebase Storage for files.
• Use server timestamps for consistent time tracking:

await FirebaseDatabase.instance.ref('posts/123/timestamp').set(ServerValue.timestamp);

• Implement fan-out patterns for data accessed from multiple paths.
• Avoid deep nesting — it leads to performance issues when retrieving data.

7. Offline Capabilities and Presence

FirebaseDatabase.instance.setPersistenceEnabled(true);

// Keep critical paths synced when offline
FirebaseDatabase.instance.ref('important-data').keepSynced(true);

Connection State and Presence

// Detect connection state
FirebaseDatabase.instance.ref('.info/connected').onValue.listen((event) {
  final connected = event.snapshot.value as bool? ?? false;
  if (connected) {
    // Set online status and configure onDisconnect cleanup
    final presenceRef = FirebaseDatabase.instance.ref('status/${uid}');
    presenceRef.set({'online': true, 'last_seen': ServerValue.timestamp});
    presenceRef.onDisconnect().set({
      'online': false,
      'last_seen': ServerValue.timestamp,
    });
  }
});

• Use value events (onValue) to read data and get notified of updates — optimized for online/offline transitions.
• Use get() only when data is needed once; it probes local cache if the server is unavailable.
• onDisconnect() operations are executed server-side, ensuring cleanup even if the app crashes.

8. Security

{
  "rules": {
    "users": {
      "$uid": {
        ".read": "$uid === auth.uid",
        ".write": "$uid === auth.uid"
      }
    }
  }
}

• Use .read, .write, .validate, and .indexOn to control access and validate data.
• Read and write rules cascade in Realtime Database — a parent rule granting access cannot be revoked by a child rule.
• Use the auth variable to authenticate users in security rules.

Data Validation Example

{
  "rules": {
    "messages": {
      "$messageId": {
        ".validate": "newData.hasChildren(['text', 'sender', 'timestamp'])",
        "text": {
          ".validate": "newData.isString() && newData.val().length <= 500"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

• Test rules thoroughly using the Firebase console's rules simulator.
• Use the Firebase Emulator Suite for local testing.

References

• Firebase Realtime Database Flutter documentation
• Structure data
• Read and write data