Paper Summary

Output Filename (Citation Key Format)

Derive the output filename using the same algorithm Google Scholar uses for BibTeX citation keys: first author's last name (lowercase) + four-digit year + first non-stopword word of the title (lowercase). Strip punctuation and diacritics.

• Skip stopwords: a, an, the, of, in, on, at, for, and, or, but, with, to, from, by, as, is, are, was, were, be, this, that, which, what, how, why, when, where, who
• Example: "Colonial Origins of Comparative Development" (Acemoglu et al., 2001) → acemoglu2001colonial.md
• Example: "The Logic of Collective Action" (Olson, 1965) → olson1965logic.md
• Example: "A Theory of Human Capital" (Becker, 1964) → becker1964theory.md

If the paper is not yet published or the year is unknown, use the submission year or omit the year.

Reading Strategy

Follow the standard efficient reading approach in three passes. Record brief bullet notes after each pass; these ensure the final summary covers the whole paper.

Pass 1 — Abstract

Read the abstract carefully. Record 2–4 bullet points:

• The research question or puzzle
• The main method or approach
• The key finding or contribution

Pass 2 — Orientation (Introduction → Headers → Conclusion)

Read the full introduction and conclusion. Scan all section and subsection headings. Record:

• The gap or debate in the literature this paper addresses
• The paper's theoretical or empirical claim
• The structure of the argument (what each section does)
• Any caveats or scope conditions stated in the conclusion

Pass 3 — Full Reading

Read the entire paper. Attend specifically to:

• Data sources, sample size, time period, geographic scope
• Research design and identification strategy
• Key results from the preferred or primary specification only. Authors typically signal which results are primary through phrasing like "preferred specification," "main result," "baseline model," or by discussing specific results at length in the text rather than relegating them to appendix tables. Do not catalogue every coefficient; report only the finding the paper itself foregrounds. Note the table and column.
• Robustness checks and sensitivity analyses, including where they appear (appendix table numbers, etc.)
• Limitations acknowledged by the authors

Citation

Search for a BibTeX citation using the WebSearch tool. Query Google Scholar by paper title and first author's last name. Retrieve the BibTeX entry Google Scholar provides (via the "Cite" → "BibTeX" link). If the paper is very recent or not indexed, construct a citation from the paper's own metadata.

Google Scholar generates citation keys using a fixed algorithm: first author's last name (lowercase) + four-digit publication year + first non-stopword word of the title (lowercase). Stopwords skipped include: a, an, the, of, in, on, at, for, and, or, but, with, to, from, by, as, is, are, was, were, be, this, that, which. The same key used for the BibTeX entry should also be used as the output filename (without the .md extension).

Output Format

Write the summary as a markdown file with the following structure:

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