Perl Testing

Test::More Fundamentals

The standard Perl testing module — widely used, ships with core.

Basic Assertions

use v5.36;
use Test::More;

# Plan upfront or use done_testing
# plan tests => 5;  # Fixed plan (optional)

# Equality
is($result, 42, 'returns correct value');
isnt($result, 0, 'not zero');

# Boolean
ok($user->is_active, 'user is active');
ok(!$user->is_banned, 'user is not banned');

# Deep comparison
is_deeply(
    $got,
    { name => 'Alice', roles => ['admin'] },
    'returns expected structure'
);

# Pattern matching
like($error, qr/not found/i, 'error mentions not found');
unlike($output, qr/password/, 'output hides password');

# Type check
isa_ok($obj, 'MyApp::User');
can_ok($obj, 'save', 'delete');

done_testing;

SKIP and TODO

use v5.36;
use Test::More;

# Skip tests conditionally
SKIP: {
    skip 'No database configured', 2 unless $ENV{TEST_DB};

    my $db = connect_db();
    ok($db->ping, 'database is reachable');
    is($db->version, '15', 'correct PostgreSQL version');
}

# Mark expected failures
TODO: {
    local $TODO = 'Caching not yet implemented';
    is($cache->get('key'), 'value', 'cache returns value');
}

done_testing;

Test2::V0 Modern Framework

Test2::V0 is the modern replacement for Test::More — richer assertions, better diagnostics, and extensible.

Why Test2?

• Superior deep comparison with hash/array builders
• Better diagnostic output on failures
• Subtests with cleaner scoping
• Extensible via Test2::Tools::* plugins
• Backward-compatible with Test::More tests

Deep Comparison with Builders

use v5.36;
use Test2::V0;

# Hash builder — check partial structure
is(
    $user->to_hash,
    hash {
        field name  => 'Alice';
        field email => match(qr/\@example\.com$/);
        field age   => validator(sub { $_ >= 18 });
        # Ignore other fields
        etc();
    },
    'user has expected fields'
);

# Array builder
is(
    $result,
    array {
        item 'first';
        item match(qr/^second/);
        item DNE();  # Does Not Exist — verify no extra items
    },
    'result matches expected list'
);

# Bag — order-independent comparison
is(
    $tags,
    bag {
        item 'perl';
        item 'testing';
        item 'tdd';
    },
    'has all required tags regardless of order'
);

Subtests

use v5.36;
use Test2::V0;

subtest 'User creation' => sub {
    my $user = User->new(name => 'Alice', email => '[email protected]');
    ok($user, 'user object created');
    is($user->name, 'Alice', 'name is set');
    is($user->email, '[email protected]', 'email is set');
};

subtest 'User validation' => sub {
    my $warnings = warns {
        User->new(name => '', email => 'bad');
    };
    ok($warnings, 'warns on invalid data');
};

done_testing;

Exception Testing with Test2

use v5.36;
use Test2::V0;

# Test that code dies
like(
    dies { divide(10, 0) },
    qr/Division by zero/,
    'dies on division by zero'
);

# Test that code lives
ok(lives { divide(10, 2) }, 'division succeeds') or note($@);

# Combined pattern
subtest 'error handling' => sub {
    ok(lives { parse_config('valid.json') }, 'valid config parses');
    like(
        dies { parse_config('missing.json') },
        qr/Cannot open/,
        'missing file dies with message'
    );
};

done_testing;

Test Organization and prove

Directory Structure

t/
├── 00-load.t              # Verify modules compile
├── 01-basic.t             # Core functionality
├── unit/
│   ├── config.t           # Unit tests by module
│   ├── user.t
│   └── util.t
├── integration/
│   ├── database.t
│   └── api.t
├── lib/
│   └── TestHelper.pm      # Shared test utilities
└── fixtures/
    ├── config.json        # Test data files
    └── users.csv

prove Commands

# Run all tests
prove -l t/

# Verbose output
prove -lv t/

# Run specific test
prove -lv t/unit/user.t

# Recursive search
prove -lr t/

# Parallel execution (8 jobs)
prove -lr -j8 t/

# Run only failing tests from last run
prove -l --state=failed t/

# Colored output with timer
prove -l --color --timer t/

# TAP output for CI
prove -l --formatter TAP::Formatter::JUnit t/ > results.xml

.proverc Configuration

-l
--color
--timer
-r
-j4
--state=save

Fixtures and Setup/Teardown

Subtest Isolation

use v5.36;
use Test2::V0;
use File::Temp qw(tempdir);
use Path::Tiny;

subtest 'file processing' => sub {
    # Setup
    my $dir = tempdir(CLEANUP => 1);
    my $file = path($dir, 'input.txt');
    $file->spew_utf8("line1\nline2\nline3\n");

    # Test
    my $result = process_file("$file");
    is($result->{line_count}, 3, 'counts lines');

    # Teardown happens automatically (CLEANUP => 1)
};

Shared Test Helpers

Place reusable helpers in t/lib/TestHelper.pm and load with use lib 't/lib'. Export factory functions like create_test_db(), create_temp_dir(), and fixture_path() via Exporter.

Mocking

Test::MockModule

use v5.36;
use Test2::V0;
use Test::MockModule;

subtest 'mock external API' => sub {
    my $mock = Test::MockModule->new('MyApp::API');

    # Good: Mock returns controlled data
    $mock->mock(fetch_user => sub ($self, $id) {
        return { id => $id, name => 'Mock User', email => '[email protected]' };
    });

    my $api = MyApp::API->new;
    my $user = $api->fetch_user(42);
    is($user->{name}, 'Mock User', 'returns mocked user');

    # Verify call count
    my $call_count = 0;
    $mock->mock(fetch_user => sub { $call_count++; return {} });
    $api->fetch_user(1);
    $api->fetch_user(2);
    is($call_count, 2, 'fetch_user called twice');

    # Mock is automatically restored when $mock goes out of scope
};

# Bad: Monkey-patching without restoration
# *MyApp::API::fetch_user = sub { ... };  # NEVER — leaks across tests

For lightweight mock objects, use Test::MockObject to create injectable test doubles with ->mock() and verify calls with ->called_ok().

Coverage with Devel::Cover

Running Coverage

# Basic coverage report
cover -test

# Or step by step
perl -MDevel::Cover -Ilib t/unit/user.t
cover

# HTML report
cover -report html
open cover_db/coverage.html

# Specific thresholds
cover -test -report text | grep 'Total'

# CI-friendly: fail under threshold
cover -test && cover -report text -select '^lib/' \
  | perl -ne 'if (/Total.*?(\d+\.\d+)/) { exit 1 if $1 < 80 }'

Integration Testing

Use in-memory SQLite for database tests, mock HTTP::Tiny for API tests.

use v5.36;
use Test2::V0;
use DBI;

subtest 'database integration' => sub {
    my $dbh = DBI->connect('dbi:SQLite:dbname=:memory:', '', '', {
        RaiseError => 1,
    });
    $dbh->do('CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT)');

    $dbh->prepare('INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (?)')->execute('Alice');
    my $row = $dbh->selectrow_hashref('SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = ?', undef, 'Alice');
    is($row->{name}, 'Alice', 'inserted and retrieved user');
};

done_testing;

Best Practices

DO

• Follow TDD: Write tests before implementation (red-green-refactor)
• Use Test2::V0: Modern assertions, better diagnostics
• Use subtests: Group related assertions, isolate state
• Mock external dependencies: Network, database, file system
• Use prove -l: Always include lib/ in @INC
• Name tests clearly: 'user login with invalid password fails'
• Test edge cases: Empty strings, undef, zero, boundary values
• Aim for 80%+ coverage: Focus on business logic paths
• Keep tests fast: Mock I/O, use in-memory databases

DON'T

• Don't test implementation: Test behavior and output, not internals
• Don't share state between subtests: Each subtest should be independent
• Don't skip done_testing: Ensures all planned tests ran
• Don't over-mock: Mock boundaries only, not the code under test
• Don't use Test::More for new projects: Prefer Test2::V0
• Don't ignore test failures: All tests must pass before merge
• Don't test CPAN modules: Trust libraries to work correctly
• Don't write brittle tests: Avoid over-specific string matching

Quick Reference

Common Pitfalls

Forgetting done_testing

# Bad: Test file runs but doesn't verify all tests executed
use Test2::V0;
is(1, 1, 'works');
# Missing done_testing — silent bugs if test code is skipped

# Good: Always end with done_testing
use Test2::V0;
is(1, 1, 'works');
done_testing;

Missing -l Flag

# Bad: Modules in lib/ not found
prove t/unit/user.t
# Can't locate MyApp/User.pm in @INC

# Good: Include lib/ in @INC
prove -l t/unit/user.t

Over-Mocking

Mock the dependency, not the code under test. If your test only verifies that a mock returns what you told it to, it tests nothing.

Test Pollution

Use my variables inside subtests — never our — to prevent state leaking between tests.

Remember: Tests are your safety net. Keep them fast, focused, and independent. Use Test2::V0 for new projects, prove for running, and Devel::Cover for accountability.