Binary Merkle Trie

Basic Operations

using Nethereum.Merkle.Binary;

var trie = new BinaryTrie();

var key = new byte[32];
key[31] = 0x01;
var value = new byte[32];
value[0] = 0xFF;

trie.Put(key, value);
var retrieved = trie.Get(key);
trie.Delete(key);  // Sets value to zero
var root = trie.ComputeRoot();

Key Derivation

Map Ethereum addresses and storage slots to trie keys:

using Nethereum.Merkle.Binary.Keys;
using Nethereum.Merkle.Binary.Hashing;
using System.Numerics;

var kd = new BinaryTreeKeyDerivation(new Blake3HashProvider());
var address = new byte[20];  // Ethereum address

var basicDataKey = kd.GetTreeKeyForBasicData(address);
var codeHashKey = kd.GetTreeKeyForCodeHash(address);
var storageKey = kd.GetTreeKeyForStorageSlot(address, new BigInteger(42));
var codeChunkKey = kd.GetTreeKeyForCodeChunk(address, chunkId: 0);

Account State Packing (BasicDataLeaf)

Pack nonce, balance, code size, and version into a single 32-byte leaf:

using Nethereum.Merkle.Binary.Keys;
using System.Numerics;

var leaf = BasicDataLeaf.Pack(
    version: 1,
    codeSize: 24576,
    nonce: 42,
    balance: BigInteger.Parse("1000000000000000000"));

BasicDataLeaf.Unpack(leaf, out var version, out var codeSize,
                      out var nonce, out var balance);

Layout: [version:1][reserved:4][codeSize:3][nonce:8][balance:16] = 32 bytes.

Code Chunking

Split bytecode into 31-byte chunks with PUSH continuation tracking:

var chunks = CodeChunker.ChunkifyCode(bytecode);
// Each chunk: [continuation_byte][31 bytes of code]

Proof Generation and Verification

using Nethereum.Merkle.Binary.Proofs;

var prover = new BinaryTrieProver(trie);
var proof = prover.BuildProof(key);

// Verify independently (only needs root hash, key, and proof)
var verifier = new BinaryTrieProofVerifier(trie.HashProvider);
var verified = verifier.VerifyProof(trie.ComputeRoot(), key, proof);
// Returns the value if valid, null otherwise

Stem-Level Bulk Operations

Insert or retrieve all 256 values at a stem:

var stem = new byte[31];
var values = new byte[256][];
values[0] = new byte[32]; values[0][0] = 0xAA;
values[255] = new byte[32]; values[255][0] = 0xCC;

trie.PutStem(stem, values);
var retrieved = trie.GetValuesAtStem(stem);

Hash Providers

// SHA-256 (default)
var sha256Trie = new BinaryTrie(new Sha256HashProvider());

// BLAKE3 (faster, managed implementation)
var blake3Trie = new BinaryTrie(new Blake3HashProvider());

Key Types

Common Gotchas

• Keys must be exactly 32 bytes, values exactly 32 bytes
• Delete sets the value to zero bytes — it doesn't remove the key
• The default hash provider is SHA-256, not BLAKE3
• GetTreeKeyForBasicData accepts a 20-byte address (internally padded to 32)
• Stems are 31 bytes (first 31 bytes of the key), suffix is byte 31

For full documentation, see: https://docs.nethereum.com/docs/consensus-and-cryptography/guide-binary-merkle-trie