Effect Ts

LLM outputs often contain incorrect APIs. Use this table to correct them:

Error Handling: Two Error Types

Effect distinguishes between:

1. Expected Errors (Failures) - Typed in E channel, must be handled
2. Unexpected Errors (Defects) - Runtime bugs, captured but not typed

// Expected error - typed
const fetchUser = (id: string): Effect.Effect<User, UserNotFoundError | NetworkError> => ...

// Handle expected errors
const handled = pipe(
  fetchUser("123"),
  Effect.catchTag("UserNotFoundError", (e) => Effect.succeed(defaultUser)),
  Effect.catchTag("NetworkError", (e) => Effect.retry(schedule))
);

// Unexpected errors (defects) - captured by runtime
Effect.catchAllDefect(program, (defect) =>
  Console.error("Unexpected error", defect)
);

Fibers & Cancellation (Critical for MCP)

Fibers are lightweight virtual threads with native interruption:

// Fork a fiber
const fiber = yield * Effect.fork(longRunningTask);

// Interrupt it (e.g., when MCP client disconnects)
yield * Fiber.interrupt(fiber);

// Structured concurrency: child fibers auto-terminate with parent
const parent = Effect.gen(function* () {
  yield* Effect.fork(backgroundTask); // Auto-interrupted when parent ends
  yield* mainTask;
});

// Daemon fibers outlive their parent
yield * Effect.forkDaemon(longLivedBackgroundTask);

Concurrency Primitives

Effect.race - First Wins, Losers Interrupted

// First to succeed wins; other is automatically interrupted
const result = yield * Effect.race(fetchFromCache, fetchFromDatabase);

Effect.all with Concurrency Control

// Process 50 documents with max 5 concurrent
const results =
  yield *
  Effect.all(documents.map(processDoc), {
    concurrency: 5, // NOT a "worker pool" - limits concurrent tasks
  });

Queue Types

// Bounded - applies back-pressure (offer suspends when full)
const bounded = yield * Queue.bounded<string>(100);

// Dropping - discards new items when full (no back-pressure)
const dropping = yield * Queue.dropping<string>(100);

// Sliding - discards oldest items when full (no back-pressure)
const sliding = yield * Queue.sliding<string>(100);

Layers for Dependency Injection

Layers construct services without leaking dependencies:

// Define a service
class Database extends Context.Tag('Database')<
  Database,
  { query: (sql: string) => Effect.Effect<Result> }
>() {}

// Create layer (dependencies handled at construction)
const DatabaseLive = Layer.effect(
  Database,
  Effect.gen(function* () {
    const config = yield* Config; // Dependency injected here
    return {
      query: sql => Effect.tryPromise(() => runQuery(sql, config)),
    };
  }),
);

// Provide to program
const runnable = program.pipe(Effect.provide(DatabaseLive));

// For testing - swap implementation
const DatabaseTest = Layer.succeed(Database, {
  query: () => Effect.succeed(mockResult),
});

Resource Management

Effect.ensuring - Always Runs Finalizer

const program = pipe(
  Effect.tryPromise(() => openConnection()),
  Effect.ensuring(Console.log('Cleanup')), // Runs on success, failure, OR interrupt
);

acquireUseRelease Pattern

const withConnection = Effect.acquireUseRelease(
  Effect.tryPromise(() => db.connect()), // Acquire
  conn => Effect.tryPromise(() => conn.query('SELECT *')), // Use
  conn => Effect.promise(() => conn.close()), // Release (always runs)
);

Scope for Resource Lifecycle

Effect.scoped(
  Effect.gen(function* () {
    const file = yield* openFile('data.txt'); // Acquired
    const data = yield* file.read();
    return data;
  }), // File automatically released when scope closes
);

Caching

There is no Effect.cachedWithTTL. Use the Cache module:

import { Cache } from 'effect';

const cache =
  yield *
  Cache.make({
    capacity: 100,
    timeToLive: Duration.minutes(5),
    lookup: (key: string) => fetchExpensiveData(key),
  });

// Use the cache
const value = yield * cache.get('my-key');

// Invalidate
yield * cache.invalidate('my-key');
yield * cache.invalidateAll();

Retry with Schedule

import { Schedule } from 'effect';

// Retry 3 times with exponential backoff
const policy = Schedule.exponential('100 millis').pipe(
  Schedule.intersect(Schedule.recurs(3)),
);

const robust = Effect.retry(unstableOperation, policy);

// Retry until condition
const untilSuccess = Effect.retry(operation, {
  until: err => err.code === 'RATE_LIMITED',
});

Schema & JSON Schema

@effect/schema generates JSON Schema Draft-07 (not 2020-12):

import { Schema, JSONSchema } from '@effect/schema';

const User = Schema.Struct({
  id: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.Number.pipe(Schema.positive()),
});

// Generate JSON Schema (Draft-07)
const jsonSchema = JSONSchema.make(User);
// { "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#", ... }

// Decode (parse)
const user = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(User)(rawData);

// Encode
const json = Schema.encodeSync(User)(user);

Observability & OpenTelemetry

Effect has native OpenTelemetry integration:

import { NodeSdk } from '@effect/opentelemetry';
import { OTLPTraceExporter } from '@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-http';

// Add tracing to any effect
const traced = Effect.withSpan('processRequest')(myEffect);

// Logging with context
yield * Effect.log('Processing request');
yield * Effect.annotateLogs('requestId', 'abc-123');

// FiberRef for fiber-local context propagation
const RequestId = FiberRef.unsafeMake<string>('');
yield * FiberRef.set(RequestId, 'req-456');

When NOT to Use Effect

MCP Server Patterns

Tool Handler with Typed Errors

const searchTool = Effect.gen(function* () {
  const args = yield* parseArgs(input);
  const db = yield* Database;
  const results = yield* db.query(args.query);
  return formatResults(results);
}).pipe(
  Effect.catchTag('ParseError', () =>
    Effect.fail({ code: -32602, message: 'Invalid params' }),
  ),
  Effect.catchTag('DatabaseError', () =>
    Effect.fail({ code: -32603, message: 'Internal error' }),
  ),
);

Request Scoping

// Each MCP request gets its own scope
const handleRequest = (request: MCPRequest) =>
  Effect.scoped(
    Effect.gen(function* () {
      // Resources acquired here auto-release when request completes
      const tempFile = yield* createTempFile();
      const result = yield* processRequest(request, tempFile);
      return result;
    }),
  );

Resources

• Effect Documentation
• Effect GitHub
• @effect/schema JSON Schema
• @effect/opentelemetry