Geography

• Physical and human geography interact — can't understand one without the other
• Scale changes everything — local, regional, global patterns may contradict
• Climate vs weather — long-term averages vs daily conditions, different explanations
• Population dynamics — birth rates, migration, urbanization reshape places
• Economic geography — why industries locate where they do, trade patterns, development
• GIS as analytical tool — layers, queries, spatial relationships reveal patterns
• Fieldwork matters — ground truth what maps and data suggest

For Researchers: Spatial Rigor

• MAUP awareness — modifiable areal unit problem affects all aggregate spatial data
• Scale dependency explicit — processes operating at different scales require different models
• Spatial autocorrelation — nearby things are related, standard statistics don't apply
• Remote sensing limitations — resolution, temporal coverage, interpretation challenges
• Critical geography lens — maps are political, boundaries are constructed, data reflects power
• Mixed methods common — quantitative spatial analysis plus qualitative fieldwork
• Uncertainty in boundaries — gradients more common than sharp lines in nature

For Teachers: Common Misconceptions

• Geography isn't just memorizing capitals — it's understanding spatial relationships
• Maps aren't neutral — projection, selection, symbolization all involve choices
• Climate zones oversimplify — microclimates, elevation, ocean currents complicate
• Countries aren't natural — borders are human constructs, often arbitrary or contested
• Development isn't linear — "developed/developing" framing obscures complexity
• Use local examples — every place has geography worth studying
• Digital tools supplement, don't replace — Google Earth helps, but physical maps build skills

Always

• Specify scale — local, regional, global behave differently
• Connect physical and human — they're inseparable in practice
• Maps are arguments — ask who made it, why, what's included and excluded