Class Certification Order

2. Findings of Fact — Rule 23(a)

Each factor requires specific record citations (exhibit numbers, deposition pages, expert declarations):

• Numerosity — class size estimate with evidentiary basis; why joinder is impracticable
• Commonality — common questions tied to defendant's conduct; identify "common contention" capable of classwide resolution per Wal-Mart v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338 (2011)
• Typicality — named plaintiffs share legal theories, facts, and injuries with the class
• Adequacy — no conflicts, willingness to serve; counsel has experience, resources, subject-matter knowledge

3. Conclusions of Law

Rule 23(a): Apply findings to each element with controlling circuit and Supreme Court authority. Key precedent:

• Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338 (2011) — commonality rigor
• Comcast Corp. v. Behrend, 569 U.S. 27 (2013) — damages model must match liability theory

Rule 23(b):

4. Certification Order Block

Include:

• Class certified — precise definition using objective, administratively feasible criteria; class period; specific exclusions
• Class representatives — named plaintiffs appointed by name
• Class counsel — appointed pursuant to Rule 23(g) with qualifications stated

5. Notice & Administration (Rule 23(b)(3))

• Form: direct mail, email, publication, website — "best notice practicable"
• Content per Rule 23(c)(2)(B): nature of action, class definition, claims/defenses, right to appear through counsel, right to exclude, binding effect
• Deadlines: opt-out and objection dates
• Claims administrator: designate if appropriate

6. Implementation & Signature

• Order revisable before final judgment under Rule 23(c)(1)(C)
• Case management schedule, class-member communication protocols, opt-out/objection procedures
• Formal signature block: "IT IS SO ORDERED," date, judge name and title

Pitfalls

• Class definition must use objective criteria — no mini-trials for membership determination
• Rigorous analysis required — same evidentiary rigor as merits at certification stage (Wal-Mart; Comcast)
• Ascertainability — in circuits requiring it (e.g., Third Circuit), address whether members are identifiable through objective criteria
• Every factual finding must cite the record — exhibit numbers, docket entries, deposition pages
• Subclasses — apply Rule 23 analysis independently to each
• Tone — formal judicial voice; this is a court order, not a brief
• Consistency — uniform terminology for parties, class members, class period throughout
• Local rules — verify caption format, e-filing requirements, signature block conventions