使用形态特征、孢子印迹、栖息地分析和季节背景进行真菌的野外鉴定，采用安全第一 的方法。涵盖菌盖、菌褶、菌柄和孢子特征、相似种区分、毒性风险评估，以及食用前 必须绝对确定的关键规则。适用于遇到未知真菌时、采集食用蘑菇需要在食用前确认物种时、 评估花园或房产中的真菌是否有害时，或区分可食用物种与危险的相似种时。
使用形态特征、孢子印迹、栖息地和季节，以绝对安全第一的方法在野外鉴定真菌。
在进行任何鉴定工作之前，内化真菌学的绝对规则。
CARDINAL RULE:
If you are not 100% certain of the identification, DO NOT EAT IT.
There is no "universal edibility test" for mushrooms.
Some deadly species taste pleasant.
Some deadly species have delayed symptoms (24-72 hours).
Some deadly species have NO antidote.
The cost of a false positive (eating a misidentified mushroom) is
organ failure and death. The cost of a false negative (skipping an
edible mushroom) is a missed meal.
ALWAYS ERR TOWARD CAUTION.
预期结果： 在继续鉴定之前已内化基本规则。
失败处理： 此步骤没有失败模式。如果规则未被内化，不要为食用目的进行野外鉴定。
在触碰标本之前，通过环境信息缩小鉴定范围。
Habitat Recording:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Factor | Record |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Substrate | Soil, wood (dead/living), dung, leaf |
| | litter, moss, other fungi |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Tree association | What trees are within 10m? (Many fungi |
| | are mycorrhizal with specific tree genera)|
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Moisture | Dry, damp, wet, waterlogged |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Light | Full shade, dappled, open |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Season | Early spring, late spring, summer, early |
| | autumn, late autumn, winter |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Altitude | Lowland, mid-altitude, montane |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Growth pattern | Solitary, scattered, clustered, ring, |
| | shelf/bracket |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
预期结果： 完整的栖息地记录，为物种级别的鉴定提供背景。
失败处理： 如果栖息地不明确（如混合种植的城市花园），记录可见信息。不完整的栖息地数据会降低鉴定可信度——将此纳入安全评估。
对标本本身进行系统性检查。
Morphological Checklist:
CAP (Pileus):
- Shape: convex, flat, concave, conical, umbonate, bell-shaped
- Diameter (measure or estimate)
- Surface: smooth, scaly, fibrous, slimy, dry, cracked
- Colour (note if colour changes with age or moisture)
- Margin: smooth, striate, inrolled, appendiculate (veil remnants)
GILLS / PORES / SPINES (Hymenium):
- Type: gills (lamellae), pores (tubes), spines (teeth), smooth
- Attachment: free, adnexed, adnate, decurrent
- Spacing: crowded, close, distant
- Colour (important — note changes with age)
- Bruising: do gills change colour when damaged?
STEM (Stipe):
- Height and diameter
- Shape: equal, tapered, bulbous, club-shaped
- Surface: smooth, fibrous, scaly, reticulate (netted)
- Interior: solid, hollow, stuffed (pithy center)
- Ring (annulus): present/absent, position, persistent/fragile
- Volva (cup at base): present/absent — ALWAYS check by
carefully excavating the base (Amanita species have a volva)
FLESH (Context):
- Colour when cut
- Colour change on exposure to air (note time to change)
- Texture: firm, brittle, fibrous, gelatinous
- Smell: mushroomy, anise, radish, flour, chlorine, unpleasant
- Taste: (ONLY if species is confirmed non-deadly by an expert;
for unknown species, DO NOT taste)
SPORE PRINT:
- Remove the stem; place the cap gill-side down on paper
(half white, half dark paper to see any colour)
- Cover with a glass or bowl to maintain humidity
- Wait 4-12 hours
- Record spore colour: white, cream, pink, brown, purple-brown,
black, rust-orange
预期结果： 涵盖所有主要特征的完整形态描述。
失败处理： 如果某个特征无法观察到（如菌环不可见但可能已脱落），记录为"未观察到"而非"不存在"。这个区别对鉴定很重要。
将所有数据与参考资料交叉对照。
Identification Protocol:
1. Use habitat + season to narrow to likely genera
2. Use cap shape + gill type + spore colour to narrow to species group
3. Check ALL features against the candidate species description
4. Specifically check against dangerous look-alikes:
- Does this species have a deadly doppelganger?
- What feature distinguishes the edible from the deadly?
- Can I see that distinguishing feature clearly?
Confidence Levels:
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Level | Criteria | Action |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Certain | All features match; no | Safe to collect (for |
| | look-alike confusion; | experienced identifiers) |
| | experienced with species | |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Probable | Most features match; | DO NOT eat. Collect for |
| | one or two uncertain; | further study (spore |
| | look-alike eliminated | print, expert review) |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Possible | Some features match; | DO NOT eat. Photograph |
| | look-alike not fully | and seek expert opinion |
| | eliminated | |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Unknown | Cannot narrow to species | DO NOT eat. DO NOT |
| | | handle extensively |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
预期结果： 物种级别的鉴定，带有明确的信心等级和相似种评估。
失败处理： 如果鉴定停留在属级别，这对于学习目的是可以接受的。对于食用，只有物种级别"确定"的鉴定才是可接受的。
mushroom-cultivation — 栽培已知物种完全消除了鉴定风险forage-plants — 互补的野外鉴定技能；共享多特征确认方法论