Modal

Modal requires authentication via API token.

Initial Setup

# Install Modal
uv uv pip install modal

# Authenticate (opens browser for login)
modal token new

This creates a token stored in ~/.modal.toml. The token authenticates all Modal operations.

Verify Setup

import modal

app = modal.App("test-app")

@app.function()
def hello():
    print("Modal is working!")

Run with: modal run script.py

Core Capabilities

Modal provides serverless Python execution through Functions that run in containers. Define compute requirements, dependencies, and scaling behavior declaratively.

1. Define Container Images

Specify dependencies and environment for functions using Modal Images.

import modal

# Basic image with Python packages
image = (
    modal.Image.debian_slim(python_version="3.12")
    .uv_pip_install("torch", "transformers", "numpy")
)

app = modal.App("ml-app", image=image)

Common patterns:

• Install Python packages: .uv_pip_install("pandas", "scikit-learn")
• Install system packages: .apt_install("ffmpeg", "git")
• Use existing Docker images: modal.Image.from_registry("nvidia/cuda:12.1.0-base")
• Add local code: .add_local_python_source("my_module")

See references/images.md for comprehensive image building documentation.

2. Create Functions

Define functions that run in the cloud with the @app.function() decorator.

@app.function()
def process_data(file_path: str):
    import pandas as pd
    df = pd.read_csv(file_path)
    return df.describe()

Call functions:

# From local entrypoint
@app.local_entrypoint()
def main():
    result = process_data.remote("data.csv")
    print(result)

Run with: modal run script.py

See references/functions.md for function patterns, deployment, and parameter handling.

3. Request GPUs

Attach GPUs to functions for accelerated computation.

@app.function(gpu="H100")
def train_model():
    import torch
    assert torch.cuda.is_available()
    # GPU-accelerated code here

Available GPU types:

• T4, L4 - Cost-effective inference
• A10, A100, A100-80GB - Standard training/inference
• L40S - Excellent cost/performance balance (48GB)
• H100, H200 - High-performance training
• B200 - Flagship performance (most powerful)

Request multiple GPUs:

@app.function(gpu="H100:8")  # 8x H100 GPUs
def train_large_model():
    pass

See references/gpu.md for GPU selection guidance, CUDA setup, and multi-GPU configuration.

4. Configure Resources

Request CPU cores, memory, and disk for functions.

@app.function(
    cpu=8.0,           # 8 physical cores
    memory=32768,      # 32 GiB RAM
    ephemeral_disk=10240  # 10 GiB disk
)
def memory_intensive_task():
    pass

Default allocation: 0.125 CPU cores, 128 MiB memory. Billing based on reservation or actual usage, whichever is higher.

See references/resources.md for resource limits and billing details.

5. Scale Automatically

Modal autoscales functions from zero to thousands of containers based on demand.

Process inputs in parallel:

@app.function()
def analyze_sample(sample_id: int):
    # Process single sample
    return result

@app.local_entrypoint()
def main():
    sample_ids = range(1000)
    # Automatically parallelized across containers
    results = list(analyze_sample.map(sample_ids))

Configure autoscaling:

@app.function(
    max_containers=100,      # Upper limit
    min_containers=2,        # Keep warm
    buffer_containers=5      # Idle buffer for bursts
)
def inference():
    pass

See references/scaling.md for autoscaling configuration, concurrency, and scaling limits.

6. Store Data Persistently

Use Volumes for persistent storage across function invocations.

volume = modal.Volume.from_name("my-data", create_if_missing=True)

@app.function(volumes={"/data": volume})
def save_results(data):
    with open("/data/results.txt", "w") as f:
        f.write(data)
    volume.commit()  # Persist changes

Volumes persist data between runs, store model weights, cache datasets, and share data between functions.

See references/volumes.md for volume management, commits, and caching patterns.

7. Manage Secrets

Store API keys and credentials securely using Modal Secrets.

@app.function(secrets=[modal.Secret.from_name("huggingface")])
def download_model():
    import os
    token = os.environ["HF_TOKEN"]
    # Use token for authentication

Create secrets in Modal dashboard or via CLI:

modal secret create my-secret KEY=value API_TOKEN=xyz

See references/secrets.md for secret management and authentication patterns.

8. Deploy Web Endpoints

Serve HTTP endpoints, APIs, and webhooks with @modal.web_endpoint().

@app.function()
@modal.web_endpoint(method="POST")
def predict(data: dict):
    # Process request
    result = model.predict(data["input"])
    return {"prediction": result}

Deploy with:

modal deploy script.py

Modal provides HTTPS URL for the endpoint.

See references/web-endpoints.md for FastAPI integration, streaming, authentication, and WebSocket support.

9. Schedule Jobs

Run functions on a schedule with cron expressions.

@app.function(schedule=modal.Cron("0 2 * * *"))  # Daily at 2 AM
def daily_backup():
    # Backup data
    pass

@app.function(schedule=modal.Period(hours=4))  # Every 4 hours
def refresh_cache():
    # Update cache
    pass

Scheduled functions run automatically without manual invocation.

See references/scheduled-jobs.md for cron syntax, timezone configuration, and monitoring.

Common Workflows

Deploy ML Model for Inference

import modal

# Define dependencies
image = modal.Image.debian_slim().uv_pip_install("torch", "transformers")
app = modal.App("llm-inference", image=image)

# Download model at build time
@app.function()
def download_model():
    from transformers import AutoModel
    AutoModel.from_pretrained("bert-base-uncased")

# Serve model
@app.cls(gpu="L40S")
class Model:
    @modal.enter()
    def load_model(self):
        from transformers import pipeline
        self.pipe = pipeline("text-classification", device="cuda")

    @modal.method()
    def predict(self, text: str):
        return self.pipe(text)

@app.local_entrypoint()
def main():
    model = Model()
    result = model.predict.remote("Modal is great!")
    print(result)

Batch Process Large Dataset

@app.function(cpu=2.0, memory=4096)
def process_file(file_path: str):
    import pandas as pd
    df = pd.read_csv(file_path)
    # Process data
    return df.shape[0]

@app.local_entrypoint()
def main():
    files = ["file1.csv", "file2.csv", ...]  # 1000s of files
    # Automatically parallelized across containers
    for count in process_file.map(files):
        print(f"Processed {count} rows")

Train Model on GPU

@app.function(
    gpu="A100:2",      # 2x A100 GPUs
    timeout=3600       # 1 hour timeout
)
def train_model(config: dict):
    import torch
    # Multi-GPU training code
    model = create_model(config)
    train(model)
    return metrics

Reference Documentation

Detailed documentation for specific features:

• references/getting-started.md - Authentication, setup, basic concepts
• references/images.md - Image building, dependencies, Dockerfiles
• references/functions.md - Function patterns, deployment, parameters
• references/gpu.md - GPU types, CUDA, multi-GPU configuration
• references/resources.md - CPU, memory, disk management
• references/scaling.md - Autoscaling, parallel execution, concurrency
• references/volumes.md - Persistent storage, data management
• references/secrets.md - Environment variables, authentication
• references/web-endpoints.md - APIs, webhooks, endpoints
• references/scheduled-jobs.md - Cron jobs, periodic tasks
• references/examples.md - Common patterns for scientific computing

Best Practices

1. Pin dependencies in .uv_pip_install() for reproducible builds
2. Use appropriate GPU types - L40S for inference, H100/A100 for training
3. Leverage caching - Use Volumes for model weights and datasets
4. Configure autoscaling - Set max_containers and min_containers based on workload
5. Import packages in function body if not available locally
6. Use .map() for parallel processing instead of sequential loops
7. Store secrets securely - Never hardcode API keys
8. Monitor costs - Check Modal dashboard for usage and billing

Troubleshooting

"Module not found" errors:

• Add packages to image with .uv_pip_install("package-name")
• Import packages inside function body if not available locally

GPU not detected:

• Verify GPU specification: @app.function(gpu="A100")
• Check CUDA availability: torch.cuda.is_available()

Function timeout:

• Increase timeout: @app.function(timeout=3600)
• Default timeout is 5 minutes

Volume changes not persisting:

• Call volume.commit() after writing files
• Verify volume mounted correctly in function decorator

For additional help, see Modal documentation at https://modal.com/docs or join Modal Slack community.