Coding Standards

General Assumptions

• Namespace imports are defined in a global usings file — omit standard using directives unless the import is non-obvious.
• Nullable Reference Types are enabled — annotate all new code accordingly.
• Use file-scoped namespace declarations.

Type Usage and var Policy

Apply the following rules in priority order:

1. Never use var for primitive types. Always spell out int, string, bool, double, float, decimal, char, byte, long, etc.

// REQUIRED — explicit types for primitives
int count = 5;
string name = "Button";
bool isVisible = true;

2. Use var when the type is already visible or clearly implied on the same line. Repeating the type degrades readability. This applies to:

   • Casts: var foo = (SomeType) bar;
   • as casts: var button = item as ToolStripDropDownButton;
   • Generic methods with explicit type argument(s): Assume the return type matches the generic type parameter — even when the method signature technically returns a base type — because the <T> already tells the reader what they are getting back: var host = this.GetService<IDesignerHost>(); var session = provider.GetRequiredService<DesignerSession>();
   • out var in generic methods that name the type: site.TryGetService<INestedContainer>(out var container) — the <T> already specifies the type.
   • Methods whose name contains or implies the return type: When the method name clearly communicates the type being returned, var is preferred because the type is already readable from the call itself: var componentType = component.GetType(); var resourceStream = BitmapSelector.GetResourceStream(type, name); TryLoadBitmapFromStream(stream, out var resourceBitmap)

// GOOD — var when type is visible or implied on the line
var designerHostShim = (IDesignerHostShim)designerHost;
var host = this.GetService<IDesignerHost>();
var manager = host.GetExport<ViewModelClientFactoryManager>();
var componentType = component.GetType();
var resourceStream = BitmapSelector.GetResourceStream(componentType, componentType.Name + ".bmp");
service.TryGetValue<AppSettings>(out var settings);

3. Use var for deeply nested or complex generic types where the full type name is unwieldy:

using var pooledList = ListPool<IComponent>.GetPooledObject();
var result = pooledList.Object;
var (key, value) = dictionary.First();   // tuple deconstruction

4. Use explicit types when neither the variable name nor the surrounding context reveals the type. If a reader would need to navigate to a method signature to understand what a variable holds, spell the type out.

// REQUIRED — explicit when type is not obvious
CreateViewModelResponse response = session.GetWinFormsEndpoints().DocumentOutline.CreateViewModel(session.Id);
TreeViewHitTestInfo hitTestInfo = _treeView.HitTest(e.Location);

5. Prefer target-typed new() over var when the type is visible on the left — clean construction without redundancy:

// Before
Dictionary<string, List<int>> map = new Dictionary<string, List<int>>();
var map = new Dictionary<string, List<int>>();

// After
Dictionary<string, List<int>> map = new();
Button saveButton = new();

Do NOT use target-typed new() when the type isn't visible on the same line:

// DO — type is visible on the right, so var is fine:
var map = new Dictionary<string, List<int>>();

// DON'T — _map is a backing field declared elsewhere,
// so the type isn't visible here. Too implicit.
_map = new();

6. var is always fine for tuple deconstruction:

var (nodes, images) = viewModel.UpdateTreeView(displayStyle);
var (key, value) = dictionary.First();

7. Using Collection expressions:

// Before
List<string> items = new List<string>();

// After
List<string> items = [];

• Consider collection expressions also for methods that return collections, e.g.:

// Before
Control[] controls = _view.Controls.Cast<Control>().ToArray();

// After
Control[] controls = [.. _view.Controls.Cast<Control>()];

• Avoid, however, collection expressions, when constructable array/collection type are necessary in the context, e.g.:

// Be careful! Will not compile, we need a constructable array type in this
// context, so collection initializer syntax is not possible here.
Control CreateErrorControlForMessage(string message) 
   => CreateErrorControl([new InvalidOperationException(message)]);

// In this case we need:
Control CreateErrorControlForMessage(string message) 
   => CreateErrorControl(new[] { new InvalidOperationException(message) });

Null Checking

• Use is null / is not null — never == null or != null.
• Use coalesce: value ?? "default", value ??= GetDefault().

Naming and Field Conventions

• Never qualify with this. unless strictly necessary to resolve ambiguity.
• Declare accessibility modifiers explicitly on every type and member.
• Use the narrowest possible scope — prefer private over internal over public.
• Mark members static when they do not access instance state.

Formatting and Line Length

Expression-bodied members

Use expression bodies (=>) for single-expression methods and read-only properties. When the total line length would exceed 60 characters, wrap by placing the => on the next line, indented:

// Short — fits on one line
internal int BorderWidth => _borderWidth;

// Long — wrap the arrow to the next line
private bool IsValidSize(Size size)
    => size.Width > 0 && size.Height > 0;

internal string QualifiedName
    => $"{Namespace}.{TypeName}";

Important semantic distinction: public Foo Bar => new Foo(); creates a new instance on every access. public Foo Bar { get; } = new Foo(); creates one instance at construction. Never convert between these forms unless the original semantics were provably wrong.

Braces and blocks

• Allman style — opening brace on its own line.
• Insert an empty line after closing braces of control-flow blocks and before return statements.
• If a comment precedes a line that needs an empty line above it, the empty line goes before the comment.

Ternary operator

Put each branch on its own line unless the whole expression is very short:

Color textColor = e.Item.Enabled
    ? GetDarkModeColor(e.TextColor)
    : GetDarkModeColor(SystemColors.GrayText);

Pattern Matching and Switch Expressions

Prefer switch expressions over switch statements over if-chains:

string result = value switch
{
    > 0 => "Positive",
    < 0 => "Negative",
    _ => "Zero"
};

Use and, or, relational, property, tuple, type, and list patterns where they improve clarity. When converting if-chains that return or assign, a switch expression is almost always clearer.

Readability

1. Never sacrifice readability for brevity

Prefer extension method call syntax over static helpers when the same operation is available in both forms — extensions read more naturally and reduce visual noise:

// Prefer
Size deviceSize = image.Size.LogicalToDeviceUnits();

// Over
Size deviceSize = DpiHelper.LogicalToDeviceUnits(image.Size);

2. Prefer inline #pragma or [SuppressMessage]

Use inline #pragma or [SuppressMessage] at the call site over global suppressions, so justification is visible in context.

3. Named arguments

Use named arguments when passing multiple literals or when the meaning of a parameter isn't clear from the argument expression itself:

// GOOD — named arguments clarify meaning of literals
var errorControl = CreateErrorControlForMessage(
    message: "An unexpected error occurred. Please try again.",
    showRetryButton: true);

Note: When method calls take a lot of space due to a long argument list, consider wrapping the individual arguments on separate lines. If you then decide to use named arguments, use them for every argument to improve readability and consistency:

LongMethodWithManyNamedArguments(
    firstArgument: value1,
    secondArgument: value2,
    thirdArgument: value3,
    fourthArgument: value4);

4. Wrap dot-chains with more than 2 member accesses — each call goes on its own indented line:

// Fine — 2 or fewer:
var names = items.Where(x => x.IsActive).ToList();

// Wrap — more than 2:
var results = collection
    .Where(x => x.IsActive)
    .OrderBy(x => x.Name)
    .Select(x => x.Id)
    .ToList();

Error Handling and Argument Validation

Use throw-helper methods — never hand-roll null / range checks:

ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(parameter);
ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfNegative(value);
ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);

Always use nameof() for parameter and member names in exceptions and asserts.

Performance Idioms

• Single-char overloads: text.Contains('c'), sb.Append('x').
• ReadOnlySpan<char> over Substring when possible.
• items.Any() over Count() > 0.
• TryGetValue over ContainsKey + indexer.
• string.IsNullOrEmpty over ?.Length == 0.
• Array.Empty<T>() over new T[0].
• Prefer using declarations (using var ...) over using blocks. Use the block form only when a tighter scope is required.

using Pen focusPen = new(focusColor)
{
    Width = 1.0f,
    DashStyle = DashStyle.Dot
};

Magic Numbers

Replace/avoid hard-coded literals with named constants or enums for new code when possible. If a literal is truly self-explanatory and unlikely to change, it may be acceptable to leave it as-is.

## XML Documentation

Every class, struct, record, interface, and enum — **regardless of access
modifier, including `private` nested types** — must have an XML doc header:

* **`<summary>`** — always present; a concise statement of the type's purpose.
* **`<remarks>`** — add for non-trivial types. Use `<para>` for multiple
  paragraphs.
* Use `<inheritdoc/>` on overridden members.
* Do **not** XML-comment local functions; use a regular `//` comment if
  the purpose is not self-evident.
* Use **Unicode characters** in docs — never HTML entities.
* Indent XML structure with **1 space** per nesting level:

```csharp
/// <summary>
///  Gets or sets the border width of the control.
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
///  <para>
///   The border width affects the visual appearance and layout
///   calculations of the control.
///  </para>
///  <para>
///   Values must be non-negative. A value of 0 means no border.
///  </para>
/// </remarks>
public int BorderWidth { get; set; }

File Structure

• File-scoped namespaces.
• UTF-8 with BOM, CRLF line endings.
• 4-space indentation, no tabs.
• No trailing whitespace; final newline at end of file.

WinForms-Specific

Events

public event EventHandler<EventArgs>? Click;

protected virtual void OnClick(EventArgs e)
{
    Click?.Invoke(this, e);
}

// NRT-aware handler signature
private void OnSomeEvent(object? sender, EventArgs e) { }

Use EventArgs.Empty for parameterless event raises.

Designer integration

• Mark designer-generated controls as nullable: private Button? _okButton;
• Dispose components with is not null:

protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
{
    if (disposing && components is not null)
    {
        components.Dispose();
    }

    base.Dispose(disposing);
}

Platform attributes

[SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
private void WindowsSpecificMethod() { }