Discourse Migration

Use change for reversible ops, up/down for irreversible. Use raise ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration in down. Use up_only { ... } for data ops inside an otherwise reversible change.

Avoiding application code in migrations

Never call application code (models, SiteSetting, etc.) in migrations. These references break when code changes months or years later — settings get removed, methods get renamed, or semantics shift silently.

# BAD — relies on application code that may not exist when migration runs later
if SiteSetting.some_setting
  add_column ...
end

# GOOD — query the database directly
result = DB.query_single("SELECT value FROM site_settings WHERE name = 'some_setting'")
if result.first == "t"
  add_column ...
end

execute is the default for all migration SQL. Only use DB.exec/DB.query when you need parameterized queries (:param syntax) or return values.

Safely removing columns

Multi-step process across deployments. Helpers: lib/migration/column_dropper.rb, lib/migration/base_dropper.rb.

Step 1 — Mark readonly (regular migration):

class MarkOldColumnReadonly < ActiveRecord::Migration[8.0]
  def up
    change_column_default :my_table, :old_column, nil  # MUST drop default first
    Migration::ColumnDropper.mark_readonly(:my_table, :old_column)
  end

  def down
    Migration::ColumnDropper.drop_readonly(:my_table, :old_column)
  end
end

Creates a PG trigger rejecting non-null writes. Old code can still read.

Step 2 — Ignore in model (code change, same PR):

self.ignored_columns += %i[old_column]
# TODO(MM-YYYY): Remove this line (calculate 6 months from today)

Use += to append. Without this, dropping the column causes StatementInvalid.

Step 3 — Drop column (post-deploy migration):

class DropOldColumn < ActiveRecord::Migration[8.0]
  DROPPED_COLUMNS = { my_table: %i[old_column] }

  def up
    DROPPED_COLUMNS.each { |table, columns| Migration::ColumnDropper.execute_drop(table, columns) }
  end

  def down
    raise ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration
  end
end

Step 4 — Remove ignored_columns entry after post-deploy migration is promoted.

For deprecation warnings before removal: include HasDeprecatedColumns then deprecate_column :col, drop_from: "3.5" (see app/models/concerns/has_deprecated_columns.rb).

Safely renaming columns

Renaming is a multi-step process similar to column removal:

1. Pre-deploy migration: Mark the old column readonly with Migration::ColumnDropper.mark_readonly, add the new column, create a trigger to mirror writes from old to new on inserts/updates, and backfill existing data from old column to new.
2. Code change (same PR): Update all application code to read/write the new column. Add self.ignored_columns += %i[old_column] to the model.
3. Post-deploy migration: Drop the old column using Migration::ColumnDropper.execute_drop. In most cases, delay this until the rename has been confirmed safe with no data loss.

Safely removing tables

Same pattern via lib/migration/table_dropper.rb:

1. Regular migration: Migration::TableDropper.read_only_table(:old_table)
2. Post-deploy migration: Migration::TableDropper.execute_drop(:old_table)

If table is already fully unused, just drop_table directly in a post-deploy migration.

Removing site settings

The most common migration type. Use execute with DELETE or UPDATE:

# Removal
execute "DELETE FROM site_settings WHERE name = 'old_setting_name'"

# Rename
execute "UPDATE site_settings SET name = 'new_name' WHERE name = 'old_name'"

Always up/down with raise ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration.

Indexing

Concurrent indexes

Large or busy existing tables require concurrent indexing. Always pair with disable_ddl_transaction!. SafeMigrate requires dropping the old index first:

class AddIndexToWidgets < ActiveRecord::Migration[8.0]
  disable_ddl_transaction!

  def change
    remove_index :widgets, :user_id, algorithm: :concurrently, if_exists: true
    add_index :widgets, :user_id, algorithm: :concurrently
  end
end

New tables and small/low-traffic existing tables can use regular (non-concurrent) indexes.

Partial indexes

Use where: to reduce index size — common for soft-deletes, nullable uniques, type scoping:

add_index :topic_timers, [:topic_id], where: "deleted_at IS NULL"
add_index :email_logs, [:bounce_key], unique: true, where: "bounce_key IS NOT NULL"
add_index :users, [:id], name: "idx_users_admin", where: "admin"

Composite indexes

Order: equality conditions first, then range/sort. Add both directions for join tables:

add_index :topic_allowed_users, %i[topic_id user_id], unique: true
add_index :topic_allowed_users, %i[user_id topic_id], unique: true

GiST indexes

For trigram search: using: "gist", opclass: :gist_trgm_ops.

Naming

Default Rails naming works unless the name exceeds 63 chars (PG limit) — then use a custom name:.

Foreign keys

Discourse mostly does NOT use foreign keys. Referential integrity is enforced by application logic and EnsureDbConsistency (app/jobs/scheduled/ensure_db_consistency.rb), which runs every 12 hours calling ensure_consistency! on 18 core models.

Why: avoids lock contention, simplifies soft-deletes and bulk ops, prevents unexpected cascading deletes.

Exceptions: FKs are used selectively for critical relationships (uploads, security keys). Cascade deletes are rare (2 instances in codebase). Default: don't add FKs.

Data backfills

Lightweight updates (e.g., nulling baked_version for rebake) on large tables are fine unbatched if the WHERE clause limits scope. For heavy data writes on large tables, batch with disable_ddl_transaction!:

class BackfillData < ActiveRecord::Migration[8.0]
  disable_ddl_transaction!
  BATCH_SIZE = 30_000

  def up
    loop do
      count = DB.exec(<<~SQL, batch_size: BATCH_SIZE)
        WITH cte AS (
          SELECT id, other_col FROM my_table WHERE new_col IS NULL LIMIT :batch_size
        )
        UPDATE my_table SET new_col = cte.other_col FROM cte WHERE my_table.id = cte.id
      SQL
      break if count == 0
    end
  end

  def down
    raise ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration
  end
end

Use ON CONFLICT for idempotent inserts. Use parameterized queries (:param syntax via DB.exec) — not string interpolation.

Conditional logic

Use Migration::Helpers (lib/migration/helpers.rb) for install-vs-upgrade behavior:

if Migration::Helpers.existing_site?  # site created > 1 hour ago
  # e.g., insert a site setting to disable new feature for existing sites
end

Use column_exists?, table_exists?, index_exists? for idempotency guards.

NOT NULL constraints and NULLable columns

Avoid NULLable columns whenever possible — every NULL field is a potential nil error. Prefer adding a default (e.g., false for booleans, "" for strings, 0 for counts). Limit NULLs to truly optional fields (optional description, optional URL).

When adding a NOT NULL constraint to an existing column, always clean data first: DELETE invalid rows or UPDATE nulls to a default, then change_column_null.

Bigint conversions

For large tables (e.g. notifications.id), use four migrations:

1. Add shadow bigint column + insert-mirroring trigger
2. Batch-copy existing rows (disable_ddl_transaction!, ~10k batches)
3. Swap columns (rename old/new, fix PK/sequences, mark old readonly)
4. Post-deploy: execute_drop the old column

Testing migrations

When a migration includes data changes with potential for data loss or inaccuracy, write an RSpec test. Migration files aren't auto-loaded, so require them explicitly:

# frozen_string_literal: true

require Rails.root.join("db/migrate/20240101000000_backfill_widget_status.rb")

RSpec.describe BackfillWidgetStatus do
  before do
    @original_verbose = ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose
    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
  end

  after { ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = @original_verbose }

  it "backfills status from legacy column" do
    # Set up test data with fabricators or DB.exec

    described_class.new.up

    # Assert expected state
  end
end

The same pattern works for plugin migrations — just adjust the require path (e.g., plugins/chat/db/migrate/...).

Running annotations

After any migration that alters table schema (add/remove/rename columns, create tables), run:

bin/annotate --models

This updates the schema comments at the top of model files to reflect the current database schema.

Review checklist

1. Destructive ops in db/post_migrate/, everything else in db/migrate/
2. Timestamp from generator, not hand-written
3. # frozen_string_literal: true and ActiveRecord::Migration[8.0]
4. Concurrent indexes on large/busy tables: disable_ddl_transaction! + remove_index ... if_exists: true before add_index
5. Column drops: full lifecycle (mark_readonly -> ignored_columns -> execute_drop)
6. Default dropped before mark_readonly
7. Heavy data writes on large tables batched with disable_ddl_transaction!
8. Idempotent: IF EXISTS, ON CONFLICT, column_exists?, etc.
9. Rollback: down method or raise ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration
10. No foreign keys unless strong justification
11. No application code (models, SiteSetting) — query DB directly
12. execute for SQL; DB.exec/DB.query only when param binding or return values needed
13. Run bin/annotate --models after schema-altering migrations