Nextjs App Router Expert

React Server Components

• Server vs Client component boundaries
• 'use client' directive placement
• Composition patterns (server wrapping client)
• Streaming with Suspense boundaries
• Progressive rendering strategies

Data Fetching

• fetch() with automatic deduplication
• Caching strategies (force-cache, no-store, revalidate)
• generateStaticParams() for static generation
• Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)
• On-demand revalidation with revalidatePath() / revalidateTag()

Server Actions

• Form mutations with 'use server'
• Optimistic updates with useOptimistic
• Progressive enhancement (works without JS)
• Error handling and validation
• Redirect after mutation

Middleware & Edge

• middleware.ts for auth, redirects, rewrites
• Edge Runtime vs Node.js Runtime
• Geolocation and conditional routing
• A/B testing and feature flags

Performance Optimization

• Image optimization with next/image
• Font optimization with next/font
• Script loading strategies
• Bundle analysis and code splitting
• Partial prerendering (PPR)

Dependencies

Works well with:

• react-performance-optimizer - React-specific performance patterns
• vercel-deployment - Vercel deployment configuration
• cloudflare-worker-dev - Edge deployment patterns
• postgresql-optimization - Database queries for RSC

Examples

Basic Route Structure

app/
├── layout.tsx          # Root layout (required)
├── page.tsx            # Home page (/)
├── loading.tsx         # Loading UI
├── error.tsx           # Error boundary
├── not-found.tsx       # 404 page
├── blog/
│   ├── page.tsx        # /blog
│   └── [slug]/
│       ├── page.tsx    # /blog/:slug
│       └── loading.tsx # Per-route loading
└── (auth)/             # Route group (no URL impact)
    ├── login/
    │   └── page.tsx    # /login
    └── register/
        └── page.tsx    # /register

Server Component with Data Fetching

// app/posts/page.tsx
import { Suspense } from 'react';

async function getPosts() {
  const res = await fetch('https://api.example.com/posts', {
    next: { revalidate: 3600 }, // ISR: revalidate every hour
  });
  return res.json();
}

export default async function PostsPage() {
  const posts = await getPosts();

  return (
    <main>
      <h1>Blog Posts</h1>
      <Suspense fallback={<PostsSkeleton />}>
        <PostList posts={posts} />
      </Suspense>
    </main>
  );
}

Server Action Form

// app/contact/page.tsx
import { redirect } from 'next/navigation';
import { revalidatePath } from 'next/cache';

async function submitContact(formData: FormData) {
  'use server';

  const email = formData.get('email') as string;
  const message = formData.get('message') as string;

  // Validate
  if (!email || !message) {
    throw new Error('Email and message required');
  }

  // Save to database
  await db.contacts.create({ email, message });

  // Revalidate and redirect
  revalidatePath('/contact');
  redirect('/contact/success');
}

export default function ContactPage() {
  return (
    <form action={submitContact}>
      <input name="email" type="email" required />
      <textarea name="message" required />
      <button type="submit">Send</button>
    </form>
  );
}

Parallel Routes (Modal Pattern)

app/
├── layout.tsx
├── page.tsx
├── @modal/
│   ├── default.tsx     # Empty state when no modal
│   └── (.)photo/[id]/
│       └── page.tsx    # Intercept /photo/[id] as modal
└── photo/[id]/
    └── page.tsx        # Full page when direct navigation

// app/layout.tsx
export default function Layout({
  children,
  modal,
}: {
  children: React.ReactNode;
  modal: React.ReactNode;
}) {
  return (
    <>
      {children}
      {modal}
    </>
  );
}

Middleware for Auth

// middleware.ts
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server';
import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server';

export function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  const token = request.cookies.get('auth-token');
  const isAuthPage = request.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/login');
  const isProtectedPage = request.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/dashboard');

  // Redirect authenticated users away from login
  if (isAuthPage && token) {
    return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/dashboard', request.url));
  }

  // Redirect unauthenticated users to login
  if (isProtectedPage && !token) {
    return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/login', request.url));
  }

  return NextResponse.next();
}

export const config = {
  matcher: ['/dashboard/:path*', '/login'],
};

Static Generation with Dynamic Params

// app/blog/[slug]/page.tsx
import { notFound } from 'next/navigation';

export async function generateStaticParams() {
  const posts = await fetch('https://api.example.com/posts').then(r => r.json());

  return posts.map((post: { slug: string }) => ({
    slug: post.slug,
  }));
}

export async function generateMetadata({ params }: { params: { slug: string } }) {
  const post = await getPost(params.slug);

  return {
    title: post?.title ?? 'Post Not Found',
    description: post?.excerpt,
  };
}

export default async function PostPage({ params }: { params: { slug: string } }) {
  const post = await getPost(params.slug);

  if (!post) {
    notFound();
  }

  return (
    <article>
      <h1>{post.title}</h1>
      {/* NOTE: Always sanitize HTML content with DOMPurify before rendering */}
      <div>{post.content}</div>
    </article>
  );
}

Streaming with Suspense

// app/dashboard/page.tsx
import { Suspense } from 'react';

export default function DashboardPage() {
  return (
    <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-4">
      {/* These load in parallel and stream in as ready */}
      <Suspense fallback={<CardSkeleton />}>
        <RevenueCard />
      </Suspense>
      <Suspense fallback={<CardSkeleton />}>
        <UsersCard />
      </Suspense>
      <Suspense fallback={<TableSkeleton />}>
        <RecentOrders />
      </Suspense>
    </div>
  );
}

// Each component fetches its own data
async function RevenueCard() {
  const revenue = await getRevenue(); // Server-side fetch
  return <Card title="Revenue" value={revenue} />;
}

Best Practices

1. Server Components by default - Only add 'use client' when needed for interactivity
2. Colocate data fetching - Fetch data in the component that needs it
3. Use Suspense boundaries - Wrap async components for streaming
4. Leverage caching - Use revalidate and tags for efficient caching
5. Progressive enhancement - Server Actions work without JavaScript
6. Route groups for organization - Use (folder) to organize without affecting URLs
7. Error boundaries per segment - Add error.tsx to critical routes
8. Metadata API - Use generateMetadata for dynamic SEO
9. Sanitize user content - Always use DOMPurify or similar when rendering HTML

Common Pitfalls

• Hydration mismatches - Server/client rendering differences (dates, random values)
• Over-using 'use client' - Pushing client boundary too high in the tree
• Waterfall fetching - Not parallelizing independent data fetches
• Missing loading states - Forgetting loading.tsx or Suspense boundaries
• Stale data - Not invalidating cache after mutations
• Large client bundles - Importing server-only code in client components
• XSS vulnerabilities - Rendering unsanitized HTML from user input