Literature Review Planner

Choosing the Right Review Type

Do you need to answer a specific, focused question?
  YES --> Is quantitative synthesis of effect sizes needed?
    YES --> Meta-Analysis
    NO  --> Systematic Review
  NO --> Do you need to map the breadth of evidence?
    YES --> Is the field well-established?
      YES --> Umbrella Review (review of reviews)
      NO  --> Scoping Review
    NO --> Do you need to combine qualitative and quantitative?
      YES --> Integrative Review
      NO --> Is time constrained (< 3 months)?
        YES --> Rapid Review
        NO  --> Narrative Review

Search Strategy Development

PICO/PEO Framework

Use structured frameworks to define your research question:

Database Selection

Keyword and Boolean Strategy

BUILDING A SEARCH STRING:

Step 1: Identify key concepts from PICO/PEO
  Concept 1: "telemedicine" OR "telehealth" OR "remote consultation" OR "virtual care"
  Concept 2: "diabetes" OR "type 2 diabetes" OR "T2DM" OR "diabetes mellitus"
  Concept 3: "glycemic control" OR "HbA1c" OR "blood glucose" OR "patient outcomes"

Step 2: Combine with Boolean operators
  (Concept 1) AND (Concept 2) AND (Concept 3)

Step 3: Apply filters
  - Date range: 2015-2025
  - Language: English
  - Study type: RCT, cohort, systematic review
  - Peer-reviewed only

ADVANCED OPERATORS:
  "exact phrase"      - Exact match
  *                   - Truncation (therap* = therapy, therapies, therapeutic)
  MeSH terms          - Controlled vocabulary (PubMed)
  NEAR/3              - Proximity (terms within 3 words)
  ti,ab               - Title and abstract search

Search Documentation Template

SEARCH LOG:

Database: [Name]
Date Searched: [Date]
Search String: [Full query]
Filters Applied: [Date, language, study type]
Results Retrieved: [Count]
Results After Deduplication: [Count]
Notes: [Any issues, modifications needed]

PRISMA Flow Diagram

IDENTIFICATION
  Records identified through database searching: n = ___
  Records identified through other sources: n = ___
  |
  v
  Records after duplicates removed: n = ___
  |
SCREENING
  v
  Records screened (title/abstract): n = ___
  Records excluded: n = ___
  |
  v
  Full-text articles assessed for eligibility: n = ___
  Full-text articles excluded (with reasons): n = ___
    - Reason 1: n = ___
    - Reason 2: n = ___
    - Reason 3: n = ___
  |
INCLUDED
  v
  Studies included in qualitative synthesis: n = ___
  Studies included in quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis): n = ___

Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria

Source Evaluation

Critical Appraisal Tools by Study Design

Source Quality Assessment Framework

QUALITY SCORING (rate each 1-5):

RELEVANCE:
  - Directly addresses research question? ___
  - Population matches target? ___
  - Outcomes align with review objectives? ___

METHODOLOGICAL RIGOR:
  - Study design appropriate? ___
  - Sample size adequate? ___
  - Bias minimized? ___
  - Statistical analysis appropriate? ___

CREDIBILITY:
  - Published in peer-reviewed journal? ___
  - Authors have relevant expertise? ___
  - Funding sources declared? ___
  - Conflicts of interest addressed? ___

RECENCY:
  - Published within target date range? ___
  - Findings still applicable? ___
  - Not superseded by newer evidence? ___

TOTAL SCORE: ___ / 60
  High quality: 48-60
  Medium quality: 36-47
  Low quality: < 36

Hierarchy of Evidence

EVIDENCE PYRAMID (highest to lowest):

Level 1: Systematic Reviews & Meta-Analyses
Level 2: Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)
Level 3: Cohort Studies (prospective)
Level 4: Case-Control Studies
Level 5: Cross-Sectional Studies / Case Series
Level 6: Expert Opinion / Editorials
Level 7: Anecdotal / Narrative Reports

Citation Management

Workflow

CITATION MANAGEMENT PROCESS:

1. COLLECT
   - Export references from databases (RIS, BibTeX, EndNote XML)
   - Import into reference manager (Zotero, Mendeley, EndNote)
   - Attach PDFs where available

2. ORGANIZE
   - Create folder structure mirroring review themes
   - Tag with inclusion/exclusion status
   - Tag with quality rating
   - Add notes and annotations

3. DEDUPLICATE
   - Run automatic deduplication
   - Manual review of near-duplicates
   - Document count removed

4. SCREEN
   - Title/abstract screening (tag: include/exclude/maybe)
   - Full-text screening (tag: include/exclude with reason)
   - Track screening decisions

5. EXTRACT
   - Populate data extraction form
   - Link to source reference
   - Note discrepancies

Data Extraction Template

EXTRACTION FORM:

Study ID: ___
Authors: ___
Year: ___
Title: ___
Journal: ___
Study Design: ___
Country/Setting: ___

Population:
  - Sample size: ___
  - Demographics: ___
  - Inclusion criteria: ___

Intervention/Exposure: ___
Comparison/Control: ___

Outcomes:
  - Primary: ___
  - Secondary: ___
  - Measurement tools: ___

Key Findings: ___
Effect Size (if applicable): ___
Confidence Interval: ___
Quality Rating: ___
Reviewer Notes: ___

Synthesis Frameworks

Thematic Synthesis

THEMATIC SYNTHESIS STEPS:

1. CODE: Read included studies and assign descriptive codes
2. ORGANIZE: Group related codes into descriptive themes
3. DEVELOP: Generate analytical themes that go beyond the primary studies
4. MAP: Create a thematic map showing relationships between themes
5. WRITE: Narrate findings organized by analytical themes

THEMATIC MAP STRUCTURE:
  Overarching Theme
  |-- Sub-theme 1
  |   |-- Code A (Studies 1, 3, 7)
  |   |-- Code B (Studies 2, 5)
  |-- Sub-theme 2
  |   |-- Code C (Studies 1, 4, 6)
  |   |-- Code D (Studies 3, 8)

Chronological Synthesis

Best for showing how understanding of a topic has evolved over time.

CHRONOLOGICAL STRUCTURE:

Era 1 (e.g., 2000-2010): Foundational Work
  - Key studies and their contributions
  - Prevailing theories and methods

Era 2 (e.g., 2010-2018): Methodological Advances
  - New approaches introduced
  - Challenges to earlier findings

Era 3 (e.g., 2018-Present): Current State
  - Latest findings and debates
  - Emerging directions

Methodological Synthesis

Group studies by methodology to compare how different approaches yield different insights.

Gap Identification

Gap Analysis Framework

GAP CATEGORIES:

KNOWLEDGE GAPS:
  - What questions remain unanswered?
  - Where do findings conflict?
  - What populations are understudied?

METHODOLOGICAL GAPS:
  - What study designs are missing?
  - Are sample sizes consistently too small?
  - Are measurement tools validated?

CONTEXTUAL GAPS:
  - What geographic regions are underrepresented?
  - What settings haven't been studied?
  - Are there temporal gaps in the literature?

PRACTICAL GAPS:
  - What interventions haven't been tested?
  - Where does evidence fail to translate to practice?
  - What implementation barriers are unaddressed?

Gap Documentation Template

GAP: [Brief description]
EVIDENCE: [What the current literature shows / doesn't show]
SIGNIFICANCE: [Why this gap matters]
SUGGESTED RESEARCH: [What future studies could address this]
PRIORITY: [High / Medium / Low]

Writing Structure

Literature Review Sections

STRUCTURE:

1. INTRODUCTION (10-15% of word count)
   - Context and importance of the topic
   - Scope and objectives of the review
   - Research question(s)
   - Brief overview of structure

2. METHODOLOGY (15-20% for systematic; shorter for narrative)
   - Search strategy and databases
   - Inclusion/exclusion criteria
   - Screening process (PRISMA for systematic)
   - Quality assessment approach
   - Data extraction method
   - Synthesis approach

3. FINDINGS / RESULTS (40-50%)
   - Organized by themes, chronology, or methodology
   - Summary tables of included studies
   - Critical analysis (not just description)
   - Comparison and contrast across studies
   - Quality assessment results

4. DISCUSSION (15-20%)
   - Synthesis of key findings
   - Comparison with existing reviews
   - Implications for theory and practice
   - Strengths and limitations of the review

5. GAPS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS (5-10%)
   - Identified gaps in knowledge
   - Recommended research priorities
   - Methodological recommendations

6. CONCLUSION (5%)
   - Summary of main findings
   - Answer to research question
   - Key implications

Common Pitfalls

Review Protocol Template

PROTOCOL:

Title: [Review title]
Registration: [PROSPERO/OSF ID]
Authors: [Names and roles]
Date: [Protocol date]

Background: [Why this review is needed]
Objectives: [What the review aims to achieve]
Research Question: [PICO/PEO formatted question]

Eligibility Criteria:
  Inclusion: [List]
  Exclusion: [List]

Information Sources: [Databases and other sources]
Search Strategy: [Full search string per database]

Study Selection:
  - Stage 1: Title/abstract screening (2 independent reviewers)
  - Stage 2: Full-text screening (2 independent reviewers)
  - Disagreement resolution: [Process]

Data Extraction: [What data will be extracted]
Quality Assessment: [Which tool(s) will be used]
Synthesis Method: [Narrative, thematic, meta-analysis]
Timeline: [Planned completion date]

See Also

• Data Science
• Grant Proposal Builder