Agent Device

Why: agent-device manages sessions, coordinate translation, and daemon state. Mixing in other tools causes session conflicts, stale state, and unreliable behavior.

• Keep all delays under 1s. This applies to wait, sleep, and any other waiting mechanism. The app is fast — transitions and network responses complete quickly. The only exception is app launch (open), which may take a few seconds to fully load.

Agent Device Interaction

Control the iOS simulator or Android emulator using agent-device. The primary interaction method is snapshot-based: take an accessibility tree snapshot, find the target element's rect, compute its center, and press.

Prohibited agent-device subcommands

Do NOT use these as standalone subcommands:

• click, find, fill, focus, get text, get attrs, scrollintoview, is, wait text, wait @ref, diff snapshot

Allowed agent-device subcommands: snapshot, screenshot, press, type, scroll, swipe, longpress, back, home, app-switcher, wait <ms>, open, close, keyboard dismiss, appstate, clipboard, alert, settings, record, devices, apps, batch, push, logs, network.

Platform Setup

Device Targeting (Required)

Always target a specific device by name using --device "<name>" to avoid launching the wrong simulator/emulator. At the start of each session:

1. Run agent-device devices to list available devices
2. Identify the correct booted device (or the one the user specified)
3. Probe for an existing session before calling open (see below)
4. If no existing session is found, pass --device "<name>" on open — subsequent commands in the same session inherit it

Probing for Existing Sessions (Do This First)

A previous conversation may have left an active session bound to the device. Calling open with a new session or the default session will fail with a conflict error. Always probe first using appstate (lightweight, no file output):

# Probe: check if a session already owns this device
agent-device appstate --device "iPhone 16"

iOS:

# First: discover available devices
agent-device devices

# Probe for existing session
agent-device appstate --device "iPhone 16"
# If error says "in use by session ios16" → use --session ios16
# If succeeds → default session works, skip open

# Only if no session exists: open with explicit device targeting
agent-device open FlatListPro --device "iPhone 16"

# Subsequent commands — no --device needed (session remembers)
agent-device snapshot -i -c --json   # primary: get elements with rects
agent-device press <x> <y>
agent-device screenshot /tmp/verify.png && sips --resampleHeight 852 /tmp/verify.png >/dev/null  # verification

Android (also requires --session and --platform):

Use agent-device apps --platform android --user-installed to discover the installed package name.

# Probe for existing session
agent-device appstate --device "Android35" --session droid --platform android
# If succeeds → session already exists, skip open

# Only if no session exists: bind session to Android (replace <package> with actual package name)
agent-device open <package> --session droid --platform android \
  --device "Android35" \
  --activity <package>/.MainActivity

# All subsequent commands: just --session droid
agent-device snapshot -i -c --json --session droid  # primary
agent-device press <x> <y> --session droid
agent-device screenshot /tmp/verify.png --session droid && sips --resampleHeight 852 /tmp/verify.png >/dev/null  # verification

Core Workflow — Snapshot-First

The primary method uses the accessibility tree snapshot for exact element coordinates. Screenshots are the fallback for visual verification.

1. Take a snapshot

agent-device snapshot -i -c --json

This returns interactive (-i) elements with their rect coordinates (-c) in JSON format. Each element looks like:

{
  "@ref": "@e25",
  "role": "button",
  "label": "Settings",
  "rect": {"x": 141, "y": 2032, "width": 154, "height": 154}
}

2. Find the target element

Search the snapshot output for your target by matching label, identifier, or value. Example: looking for "Settings" → find the element with "label": "Settings".

3. Compute the center and press

Calculate the center of the element's rect:

• x = rect.x + rect.width / 2
• y = rect.y + rect.height / 2

Then press at those coordinates.

4. Verify with a screenshot

After pressing, take a screenshot to confirm the action worked:

agent-device screenshot /tmp/verify.png && sips --resampleHeight 852 /tmp/verify.png >/dev/null

Then Read /tmp/verify.png to view it.

Fallback: Vision-Based Screenshots

When an element is not in the accessibility tree (e.g., canvas-rendered content, custom drawn views), fall back to screenshots with percentage-based coordinate estimation.

Coordinate System — Device-Agnostic

iOS and Android use different coordinate systems for press. The exact dimensions vary by device. You MUST discover them dynamically at the start of each session.

How press coordinates work

• Android: press takes raw pixel coordinates (same as screenshot dimensions)
• iOS: press takes logical point coordinates (screenshot pixels / scale factor)
  • Modern iPhones (X and later): 3x scale
  • iPhone SE, older models: 2x scale
  • iPads: 2x scale

Session Start: Discover Press Dimensions (Vision Fallback Only)

Snapshot rect values are already in the correct press coordinate space — skip this if you're only using snapshots. This is only needed when estimating coordinates from screenshots. Run once per platform:

agent-device screenshot /tmp/screen.png  # (add --session droid for Android)
sips -g pixelWidth -g pixelHeight /tmp/screen.png

Then compute the press dimensions:

# Android: press coords = screenshot pixels
PRESS_W = RAW_W
PRESS_H = RAW_H

# iOS: press coords = screenshot pixels / scale
PRESS_W = RAW_W / 3    # (use /2 for iPhone SE or iPad)
PRESS_H = RAW_H / 3

Remember these values for the rest of the session. All coordinate calculations use them.

Percentage Method

1. View the screenshot
2. Estimate the element's center as a percentage of screen width and height
3. Multiply by the press dimensions:

x = PRESS_W * (x_percent / 100)
y = PRESS_H * (y_percent / 100)

Command Reference

Navigation

open FlatListPro --device "iPhone 16"    # Launch app (iOS — always specify --device on first open)
open <package> \                          # Launch app (Android — discover package name with `apps --platform android --user-installed`)
  --device "Android35" --session droid --platform android \
  --activity <package>/.MainActivity
close FlatListPro                         # Kill app
back                                  # Navigate back (Android: in-app; iOS: may go to previous app)
home                                  # Device home screen
app-switcher                          # Open app switcher

Element Discovery

snapshot -i -c --json                 # Interactive elements with rects (primary method)

Interactions

press <x> <y>                         # Tap (iOS=logical points, Android=pixels)
press <x> <y> --double-tap            # Double-tap
longpress <x> <y> [durationMs]        # Long press (default 500ms)
type "text"                           # Type into focused field (tap input first)
scroll <up|down|left|right> [0-1]     # Scroll in direction with amount
swipe <x1> <y1> <x2> <y2> [durationMs]  # Precise swipe between coordinates
wait <ms>                             # Wait milliseconds (max 500ms — the app is fast)

Screenshots & Recording

screenshot /tmp/screen.png            # Save screenshot
record start ./recording.mov          # Start video recording (iOS only — see below for Android)
record stop                           # Stop recording (iOS only)

To view a screenshot, downsample and read:

agent-device screenshot /tmp/screen.png && sips --resampleHeight 852 /tmp/screen.png >/dev/null

Then Read /tmp/screen.png.

Android Recording Workaround

agent-device record is broken on Android emulators (API 35+) — it sends SIGINT to the local adb process instead of the on-device screenrecord, producing a corrupt MP4. Use adb directly for Android recording.

First, resolve the serial once per session (store in $SERIAL):

SERIAL=$(adb devices | grep -w device | head -1 | cut -f1)

Then use it for recording:

# Start (run in background)
adb -s $SERIAL shell screenrecord /sdcard/agent-rec.mp4 &

# Stop (SIGINT the on-device process, then pull)
adb -s $SERIAL shell kill -INT $(adb -s $SERIAL shell pidof screenrecord)
sleep 2
adb -s $SERIAL pull /sdcard/agent-rec.mp4 /tmp/recording.mp4
adb -s $SERIAL shell rm -f /sdcard/agent-rec.mp4

Note: screenrecord only encodes frames when the display changes — interact with the UI during recording or you'll get a single-frame file.

Device Info

devices                               # List available devices
apps --platform ios --user-installed  # List installed apps
appstate                              # Show foreground app/activity (useful on Android)
keyboard dismiss                      # Dismiss on-screen keyboard (Android)
clipboard read                        # Read clipboard (iOS only)
clipboard write "text"                # Write to clipboard

Settings (useful for testing)

settings appearance dark              # Switch to dark mode
settings appearance light             # Switch to light mode
settings wifi off                     # Toggle wifi
settings permission grant camera      # Grant camera permission

CI Known Issues

• Session creation may hang on CI runners — agent-device open can hang indefinitely on CI. Set reasonable timeouts and be prepared to fall back to code-only verification with unit tests.
• Use full bundle ID on CI — the app may not be recognized by display name; use the full bundle ID (e.g., org.reactjs.native.example.FlatListPro) instead of FlatListPro.
• Snapshot/session timeouts — CI runners may experience persistent timeouts with snapshots and sessions. If agent-device is unavailable, document it in feedback and proceed with automated tests only.

Tips

• Round coordinates to the nearest integer
• Aim for the center of the target element
• If a tap misses, take a fresh snapshot and recalculate — don't guess repeatedly
• Verify the tab bar layout from the first screenshot — it may change between app versions
• back on iOS navigates to the previous app (not always within the current app) — use press on the back arrow instead
• On Android, tap the input field with press before using type
• On Android, swipe down near the top of the screen can trigger the notification shade — start swipes well within the content area
• Prefer snapshot over screenshots for finding elements — it gives exact coordinates

Reducing Round Trips

Skip verification screenshots when confident

Not every press needs a screenshot afterward. Take one when:

• Navigating to a new screen — confirm you landed on the right one
• Uncertain the tap landed — small target, crowded UI, or unexpected state
• Capturing evidence — for PRs, debugging, or bug reports

Skip it when tapping obvious, large targets (tab bar items, prominent buttons) where the next snapshot or action will confirm success anyway.

Reuse coordinates from a recent snapshot

A snapshot gives you rects for every interactive element on screen. If you need to tap multiple elements on the same screen (e.g., fill a form), compute all the centers from one snapshot and press them in sequence — don't re-snapshot between each tap unless the screen layout changes (navigation, modal dismiss, keyboard appearing).

Capturing Transient States (Loading Indicators, Animations)

Screenshots are too slow (~300ms per capture) to catch brief loading spinners or animations. Use video recording + frame extraction instead. agent-device sometimes doesn't record properly unless one press has been performed with it. It can lead to a small file.

Approach

1. Record video around the action that triggers the transient state
2. Extract frames with ffmpeg at high FPS
3. Find changed frames using MD5 hashes, then Read those frames

Critical: Recording Timing

record start needs ~3 seconds of lead time before performing the action. The recording daemon takes time to initialize — without this delay, the recording captures a static image and the action is missed entirely.

Similarly, wait at least 4-5 seconds after the action before calling record stop to capture the full animation and settle.

IMPORTANT: Do NOT put recording commands inside a bash script. When record start, sleep, action commands, and record stop are all in one script, the recording often captures only a fraction of a second. Instead, run each step as a separate Bash tool call:

iOS:

# Step 1: Start recording (separate Bash call)
agent-device record start /tmp/evidence.mov --session ios

# Step 2: Wait + perform action + wait (separate Bash call)
sleep 3 && agent-device swipe 197 340 197 680 800 --session ios && sleep 5

# Step 3: Stop recording (separate Bash call)
agent-device record stop --session ios

Android (uses adb workaround — see "Android Recording Workaround" above):

# Step 1: Start recording (separate Bash call)
adb -s $SERIAL shell screenrecord /sdcard/agent-rec.mp4 &

# Step 2: Wait + perform action + wait (separate Bash call)
sleep 3 && agent-device swipe 540 700 540 1400 800 --session droid && sleep 5

# Step 3: Stop + pull recording (separate Bash call)
adb -s $SERIAL shell kill -INT $(adb -s $SERIAL shell pidof screenrecord) && sleep 2 && adb -s $SERIAL pull /sdcard/agent-rec.mp4 /tmp/evidence.mp4 && adb -s $SERIAL shell rm -f /sdcard/agent-rec.mp4

Verifying Frame Changes

Do NOT guess which frames show the action. Use MD5 hashes to find frames that actually differ:

# Find which frames are unique (not identical to previous)
prev_hash=""
for f in /tmp/frames/frame-*.png; do
  hash=$(md5 -q "$f")
  if [[ "$hash" != "$prev_hash" ]]; then
    echo "$(basename $f): CHANGED"
    prev_hash="$hash"
  fi
done

If ALL frames have the same hash, the recording did not capture the action — re-record with more lead time.

Example: Capturing a Loading Spinner

iOS:

# Step 1 (separate Bash call): Start recording
agent-device record start /tmp/loading-evidence.mov

# Step 2 (separate Bash call): Wait for recording to initialize, perform action, wait for completion
sleep 3 && agent-device swipe $X_MID $Y_35PCT $X_MID $Y_75PCT 500 && sleep 5

# Step 3 (separate Bash call): Stop recording
agent-device record stop

Android:

# Step 1 (separate Bash call): Start recording
adb -s $SERIAL shell screenrecord /sdcard/agent-rec.mp4 &

# Step 2 (separate Bash call): Wait, perform action, wait
sleep 3 && agent-device swipe $X_MID $Y_35PCT $X_MID $Y_75PCT 500 --session droid && sleep 5

# Step 3 (separate Bash call): Stop + pull
adb -s $SERIAL shell kill -INT $(adb -s $SERIAL shell pidof screenrecord) && sleep 2 && adb -s $SERIAL pull /sdcard/agent-rec.mp4 /tmp/loading-evidence.mp4 && adb -s $SERIAL shell rm -f /sdcard/agent-rec.mp4

# Step 4 (same or separate call): Extract frames + find changes
rm -rf /tmp/loading-frames && mkdir -p /tmp/loading-frames
ffmpeg -y -i /tmp/loading-evidence.mov -vf "fps=30" /tmp/loading-frames/frame-%04d.png 2>/dev/null

# Find changed frames via MD5
prev_hash=""
for f in /tmp/loading-frames/frame-*.png; do
  hash=$(md5 -q "$f")
  if [[ "$hash" != "$prev_hash" ]]; then
    echo "$(basename $f): CHANGED"
    prev_hash="$hash"
  fi
done

Then downsample and read the changed frames:

# Downsample specific changed frames for LLM viewing
sips --resampleHeight 852 /tmp/loading-frames/frame-0090.png --out /tmp/loading-frames/view-0090.png >/dev/null

Read /tmp/loading-frames/view-0090.png

When to Use Each Approach

Pull-to-Refresh

• iOS: Use swipe from ~35% down to ~77% down (within the content area)
• Android: Prefer scroll down when at top of list — swipe down can trigger the notification shade

Time-Sensitive Scripts

For quickly performing a sequence of interactions (press, swipe, type), use a bash script. Manual step-by-step execution is too slow to catch fleeting UI states. Note: this is for interaction commands only — record start/record stop must still be separate Bash calls (see "Capturing Transient States" above).

1. Explore manually first to discover coordinates
2. Write a script using the discovered coordinates
3. Run: bash /tmp/test-script.sh
4. Read the screenshot to verify