Configures Options pattern, user secrets, and feature flags. IOptions<T>, FeatureManagement.
Configuration patterns for .NET applications using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration and Microsoft.Extensions.Options.
Covers the Options pattern (IOptions<T>, IOptionsMonitor<T>, IOptionsSnapshot<T>), validation, user secrets,
environment-based configuration, and feature flags with Microsoft.FeatureManagement.
Cross-references: [skill:dotnet-csharp-dependency-injection] for service registration patterns, [skill:dotnet-csharp-coding-standards] for naming conventions.
Default configuration sources in WebApplication.CreateBuilder (last wins):
appsettings.jsonappsettings.{Environment}.json
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
// Sources above are loaded automatically. Add custom sources:
builder.Configuration.AddJsonFile("features.json", optional: true, reloadOnChange: true);
```csharp
---
## Options Pattern
Bind configuration sections to strongly typed classes and inject them via DI.
### Defining Options Classes
```csharp
public sealed class SmtpOptions
{
public const string SectionName = "Smtp";
public string Host { get; set; } = "";
public int Port { get; set; } = 587;
public string FromAddress { get; set; } = "";
public bool UseSsl { get; set; } = true;
}
```text
> Options classes use `{ get; set; }` (not `init`) because the configuration binder and `PostConfigure` need to mutate
> properties. Use `[Required]` via data annotations for mandatory fields instead.
### Registration
```csharp
builder.Services
.AddOptions<SmtpOptions>()
.BindConfiguration(SmtpOptions.SectionName)
.ValidateDataAnnotations()
.ValidateOnStart();
```text
### `appsettings.json`
```json
{
"Smtp": {
"Host": "smtp.example.com",
"Port": 587,
"FromAddress": "[email protected]",
"UseSsl": true
}
}
```text
---
## Options Interfaces
| Interface | Lifetime | Reload Behavior | Use Case |
| --------------------- | --------- | --------------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| `IOptions<T>` | Singleton | Never reloads after startup | Static config, most services |
| `IOptionsSnapshot<T>` | Scoped | Reloads per request/scope | Per-request config in ASP.NET |
| `IOptionsMonitor<T>` | Singleton | Live reload + change notification | Singletons, background services |
### Injection Examples
```csharp
// Static -- most common, singleton-safe
public sealed class EmailService(IOptions<SmtpOptions> options)
{
private readonly SmtpOptions _smtp = options.Value;
public Task SendAsync(string to, string subject, string body,
CancellationToken ct = default)
{
// Use _smtp.Host, _smtp.Port, etc.
return Task.CompletedTask;
}
}
// Live reload in singletons -- monitors config file changes
public sealed class FeatureService(IOptionsMonitor<FeatureOptions> monitor)
{
public bool IsEnabled(string feature)
=> monitor.CurrentValue.EnabledFeatures.Contains(feature);
}
// Per-request in scoped services -- reads latest config each request
public sealed class PricingService(IOptionsSnapshot<PricingOptions> snapshot)
{
public decimal GetMarkup() => snapshot.Value.MarkupPercent;
}
```text
### Change Notifications with `IOptionsMonitor<T>`
```csharp
public sealed class CacheService : IDisposable
{
private readonly IDisposable? _changeListener;
private CacheOptions _current;
public CacheService(IOptionsMonitor<CacheOptions> monitor)
{
_current = monitor.CurrentValue;
_changeListener = monitor.OnChange(updated =>
{
_current = updated;
// React to config change -- flush cache, resize pool, etc.
});
}
public void Dispose() => _changeListener?.Dispose();
}
```text
---
## Options Validation
### Data Annotations
```csharp
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
public sealed class SmtpOptions
{
public const string SectionName = "Smtp";
[Required, MinLength(1)]
public string Host { get; set; } = "";
[Range(1, 65535)]
public int Port { get; set; } = 587;
[Required, EmailAddress]
public string FromAddress { get; set; } = "";
}
builder.Services
.AddOptions<SmtpOptions>()
.BindConfiguration(SmtpOptions.SectionName)
.ValidateDataAnnotations()
.ValidateOnStart(); // Fail fast at startup, not on first use
```text
### `IValidateOptions<T>` (Complex Validation)
Use when validation logic requires cross-property checks or external dependencies.
```csharp
public sealed class SmtpOptionsValidator : IValidateOptions<SmtpOptions>
{
public ValidateOptionsResult Validate(string? name, SmtpOptions options)
{
var failures = new List<string>();
if (options.UseSsl && options.Port == 25)
{
failures.Add("Port 25 does not support SSL. Use 465 or 587.");
}
if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(options.Host))
{
failures.Add("SMTP host is required.");
}
return failures.Count > 0
? ValidateOptionsResult.Fail(failures)
: ValidateOptionsResult.Success;
}
}
// Register the validator
builder.Services.AddSingleton<IValidateOptions<SmtpOptions>, SmtpOptionsValidator>();
```text
### `ValidateOnStart` (Fail Fast)
Always use `.ValidateOnStart()` to surface configuration errors at startup instead of at first resolution. Without it,
invalid config only throws when `IOptions<T>.Value` is first accessed.
---
## User Secrets (Development)
Store sensitive values outside source control during development.
```bash
# Initialize (once per project)
dotnet user-secrets init
# Set values
dotnet user-secrets set "Smtp:Host" "smtp.example.com"
dotnet user-secrets set "ConnectionStrings:Default" "Server=..."
# List all secrets
dotnet user-secrets list
# Clear all
dotnet user-secrets clear
```text
User secrets are stored in `~/.microsoft/usersecrets/<UserSecretsId>/secrets.json` and override `appsettings.json`
values in Development.
**Key rules:**
- Never use user secrets in production -- use environment variables, Azure Key Vault, or other vault providers
- User secrets are loaded automatically when `ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT=Development`
- For non-web hosts, explicitly add: `builder.Configuration.AddUserSecrets<Program>()`
---
## Environment-Based Configuration
### Environment Variables
```csharp
// Hierarchical keys use __ (double underscore) as separator
// Environment variable: Smtp__Host=smtp.prod.com
// Maps to: configuration["Smtp:Host"]
```csharp
### Per-Environment Files
```text
appsettings.json # Base (all environments)
appsettings.Development.json # Overrides for dev
appsettings.Staging.json # Overrides for staging
appsettings.Production.json # Overrides for prod
```json
```csharp
// Set environment via ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT or DOTNET_ENVIRONMENT
// Defaults to "Production" if not set
var env = builder.Environment.EnvironmentName; // "Development", "Staging", "Production"
```csharp
### Conditional Service Registration
```csharp
if (builder.Environment.IsDevelopment())
{
builder.Services.AddSingleton<IEmailSender, ConsoleEmailSender>();
}
else
{
builder.Services.AddSingleton<IEmailSender, SmtpEmailSender>();
}
```text
---
## Feature Flags with Microsoft.FeatureManagement
`Microsoft.FeatureManagement.AspNetCore` provides structured feature flag support with filters, targeting, and gradual
rollout.
### Setup
```bash
dotnet add package Microsoft.FeatureManagement.AspNetCore
```bash
```csharp
builder.Services.AddFeatureManagement();
```csharp
### Configuration
```json
{
"FeatureManagement": {
"NewDashboard": true,
"BetaSearch": {
"EnabledFor": [
{
"Name": "Percentage",
"Parameters": { "Value": 50 }
}
]
},
"DarkMode": {
"EnabledFor": [
{
"Name": "Targeting",
"Parameters": {
"Audience": {
"Users": ["[email protected]"],
"Groups": [{ "Name": "Beta", "RolloutPercentage": 100 }],
"DefaultRolloutPercentage": 0
}
}
}
]
}
}
}
```text
### Usage in Code
```csharp
// Inject IFeatureManager
public sealed class DashboardController(IFeatureManager featureManager) : ControllerBase
{
[HttpGet]
public async Task<IActionResult> Get(CancellationToken ct = default)
{
if (await featureManager.IsEnabledAsync("NewDashboard"))
{
return Ok(new { version = "v2", dashboard = "new" });
}
return Ok(new { version = "v1", dashboard = "legacy" });
}
}
```text
### Feature Gate Attribute
```csharp
// Entire endpoint gated on feature flag
[FeatureGate("BetaSearch")]
[HttpGet("search")]
public async Task<IActionResult> Search(string query, CancellationToken ct = default)
{
var results = await _searchService.SearchAsync(query, ct);
return Ok(results);
}
```text
### Feature Filters
| Filter | Purpose |
| ------------ | -------------------------------------------------------- |
| `Percentage` | Enable for N% of requests (random) |
| `TimeWindow` | Enable between start/end dates |
| `Targeting` | Enable for specific users, groups, or rollout percentage |
| Custom | Implement `IFeatureFilter` for domain-specific logic |
### Custom Feature Filter
```csharp
[FilterAlias("Browser")]
public sealed class BrowserFeatureFilter(IHttpContextAccessor accessor) : IFeatureFilter
{
public Task<bool> EvaluateAsync(FeatureFilterEvaluationContext context)
{
var userAgent = accessor.HttpContext?.Request.Headers.UserAgent.ToString() ?? "";
var settings = context.Parameters.Get<BrowserFilterSettings>();
return Task.FromResult(
settings?.AllowedBrowsers?.Any(b =>
userAgent.Contains(b, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) ?? false);
}
}
public sealed class BrowserFilterSettings
{
public string[] AllowedBrowsers { get; init; } = [];
}
// Register
builder.Services.AddFeatureManagement()
.AddFeatureFilter<BrowserFeatureFilter>();
```text
---
## Named Options
Use named options when you need multiple instances of the same options type (e.g., multiple API clients).
```csharp
// Registration with names
builder.Services
.AddOptions<ApiClientOptions>("GitHub")
.BindConfiguration("ApiClients:GitHub");
builder.Services
.AddOptions<ApiClientOptions>("Jira")
.BindConfiguration("ApiClients:Jira");
// Resolution via IOptionsSnapshot<T> or IOptionsMonitor<T>
public sealed class ApiClientFactory(IOptionsSnapshot<ApiClientOptions> snapshot)
{
public HttpClient CreateFor(string name)
{
var options = snapshot.Get(name); // "GitHub" or "Jira"
return new HttpClient { BaseAddress = new Uri(options.BaseUrl) };
}
}
```text
---
## Post-Configuration
Apply defaults or overrides after all configuration sources have been processed.
```csharp
builder.Services.PostConfigure<SmtpOptions>(options =>
{
// Ensure a default port if none specified
if (options.Port == 0)
{
options.Port = options.UseSsl ? 465 : 25;
}
});
```text
---
## Testing Configuration
```csharp
[Fact]
public void SmtpOptions_Validates_InvalidPort()
{
var options = new SmtpOptions
{
Host = "smtp.example.com",
FromAddress = "[email protected]",
Port = 25,
UseSsl = true
};
var validator = new SmtpOptionsValidator();
var result = validator.Validate(null, options);
Assert.True(result.Failed);
Assert.Contains("Port 25 does not support SSL", result.FailureMessage);
}
[Fact]
public void Configuration_BindsCorrectly()
{
var config = new ConfigurationBuilder()
.AddInMemoryCollection(new Dictionary<string, string?>
{
["Smtp:Host"] = "smtp.test.com",
["Smtp:Port"] = "465",
["Smtp:FromAddress"] = "[email protected]",
})
.Build();
var options = new SmtpOptions();
config.GetSection("Smtp").Bind(options);
Assert.Equal("smtp.test.com", options.Host);
Assert.Equal(465, options.Port);
}
```text
---
## References
- [Options pattern in .NET](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/core/extensions/options)
- [Configuration in .NET](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/core/extensions/configuration)
- [User secrets in development](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/security/app-secrets)
- [Feature management in .NET](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/azure-app-configuration/use-feature-flags-dotnet-core)
- [IValidateOptions](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/core/extensions/options#options-validation)
- [.NET Framework Design Guidelines](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/standard/design-guidelines/)