Ability to analyse, design, optimise, and improve systems that integrate people, processes, technology, and resources to meet defined performance, quality, cost, and safety requirements. Includes applying engineering, statistical, and systems methods to model workflows, identify inefficiencies, evaluate trade-offs, and implement improvements across operations and supply chains. Applies across manufacturing, services, logistics, healthcare, and infrastructure contexts and is independent of specific tools or industries, with human accountability retained for decisions, outcomes, and impacts.