Scientific Research

Synthesis:

• Evidence map: what is known / what is contested / what is unknown
• Quality assessment: study design hierarchy (Meta-analysis > RCT > Cohort > Case-control > Expert opinion)
• Identify gaps in literature → your contribution

Step 3: Methodology Selection

Step 4: Data Collection Plan

• Sample size calculation (power analysis)
• Sampling strategy (random, stratified, purposive)
• Data collection instruments (validated scales preferred)
• Ethics approval pathway
• Data management plan (storage, anonymization, retention)

Step 5: Analysis Plan (pre-registered if possible)

Quantitative:

• Descriptive statistics first
• Inferential tests matching data type and distribution
• Effect sizes + confidence intervals (not just p-values)
• Multiple comparison correction if needed

Qualitative:

• Thematic analysis or Framework analysis
• Member checking for validity
• Audit trail documentation

Step 6: Reporting Standards

• CONSORT (RCTs)
• STROBE (observational studies)
• PRISMA (systematic reviews)
• COREQ (qualitative)
• Report null results (publication bias awareness)

Output

• Research question (PICO format)
• Literature review summary
• Methodology justification
• Analysis plan
• Results framework
• Limitations section

Quality checks

• Research question is answerable and specific
• Methodology matches research question
• Sample size justified
• Bias sources identified and addressed
• Analysis plan pre-specified (not post-hoc)