Secure Development

MUST NOT:

• Rely solely on client-side validation
• Trust data from external sources (APIs, databases, files) without validation
• Use blocklist validation as the primary defense
• Echo raw user input back to the browser
• Expose stack traces or system information in error messages

Authentication and Authorization

MUST:

• Enforce authentication for all non-public resources
• Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) for administrative access
• Use secure session management (HTTPOnly, Secure, SameSite cookies)
• Enforce strong password policies (minimum 12 characters, complexity requirements)
• Implement account lockout after failed login attempts (5 attempts)
• Log all authentication events (success and failure)
• Use the principle of least privilege for all access controls
• Verify authorization at each access point, not just at entry

MUST NOT:

• Store passwords in plaintext or reversible encryption
• Use weak hashing algorithms (MD5, SHA-1) for passwords
• Implement custom authentication schemes without security review
• Share authentication credentials between users or systems
• Grant broad access by default

Cryptography

MUST:

• Use AES-256 for symmetric encryption
• Use RSA-2048 or higher for asymmetric encryption
• Use SHA-256 or higher for hashing
• Enforce TLS 1.2 or higher for all network communications
• Store cryptographic keys securely (use key management systems, not code)
• Use cryptographically secure random number generators (not Math.random())
• Rotate encryption keys according to policy

MUST NOT:

• Hard-code encryption keys, passwords, or secrets in source code
• Use deprecated algorithms (DES, 3DES, MD5, SHA-1, SSL, TLS 1.0/1.1)
• Implement custom cryptographic algorithms
• Store secrets in version control (use secret management tools)
• Use weak or predictable initialization vectors (IVs)

Secure Error Handling

MUST:

• Implement centralized error handling
• Log all security-relevant errors with sufficient detail for investigation
• Return generic error messages to users
• Fail securely (deny access on error, don't fall back to insecure state)
• Clean up resources in finally blocks or using equivalent patterns
• Monitor and alert on unusual error patterns

MUST NOT:

• Expose stack traces to users
• Include sensitive data in error messages (passwords, keys, tokens, PII)
• Log sensitive data (passwords, credit card numbers, SSNs)
• Continue processing after critical security errors
• Suppress security exceptions without logging

Secure Configuration

MUST:

• Use environment variables or secret management for sensitive configuration
• Implement secure defaults (disable debug mode, enable security headers)
• Document all security-relevant configuration options
• Review configuration changes for security implications
• Use principle of least privilege for service accounts and API keys
• Disable unnecessary features, services, and endpoints

MUST NOT:

• Commit configuration files with secrets to version control
• Use default credentials in production
• Enable debug/verbose logging in production
• Expose administrative interfaces to public networks
• Use overly permissive CORS policies

Security Testing

MUST:

• Perform static application security testing (SAST) on every commit
• Perform dynamic application security testing (DAST) before production deployment
• Include security test cases in test suites
• Perform dependency vulnerability scanning
• Test authentication and authorization controls
• Test input validation for injection vulnerabilities
• Document security test results

MUST NOT:

• Deploy code without passing security scans
• Ignore or suppress security findings without proper justification and approval
• Test security controls in production environments
• Use production data in testing environments

Dependency Management

MUST:

• Use dependency scanning tools (e.g., Dependabot, Snyk)
• Keep dependencies up to date with security patches
• Review dependencies for known vulnerabilities before use
• Use package lock files to ensure reproducible builds
• Document approved dependencies and their versions
• Remove unused dependencies

MUST NOT:

• Use dependencies with known critical vulnerabilities
• Use abandoned or unmaintained dependencies
• Download dependencies from untrusted sources
• Bypass dependency version constraints without security review

Code Review

MUST:

• Require peer review for all code changes
• Include security review in code review process
• Use automated security scanning in PR pipelines
• Document security decisions in PR comments
• Verify security requirements are met before approval

MUST NOT:

• Merge code without required approvals
• Bypass security checks in CI/CD pipeline
• Approve your own security-critical changes

Examples

Example 1: Secure Input Validation (JavaScript)

// GOOD: Allowlist validation with type checking
function validateUsername(username) {
  // Define what IS allowed
  const usernameRegex = /^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]{3,20}$/;

  // Validate type
  if (typeof username !== "string") {
    throw new Error("Invalid input type");
  }

  // Validate format and length
  if (!usernameRegex.test(username)) {
    throw new Error(
      "Username must be 3-20 characters and contain only letters, numbers, hyphens, and underscores",
    );
  }

  return username;
}

// BAD: No validation
function validateUsernameBad(username) {
  return username; // Accepts anything!
}

// BAD: Blocklist validation
function validateUsernameBad2(username) {
  if (username.includes("<") || username.includes(">")) {
    throw new Error("Invalid characters");
  }
  return username; // Still vulnerable to many attacks
}

Example 2: Secure Password Hashing (Node.js)

const bcrypt = require("bcrypt");

// GOOD: Use strong hashing with salt
async function hashPassword(password) {
  // MUST use at least 12 rounds (2^12 iterations)
  const saltRounds = 12;
  const hashedPassword = await bcrypt.hash(password, saltRounds);
  return hashedPassword;
}

async function verifyPassword(password, hashedPassword) {
  return await bcrypt.compare(password, hashedPassword);
}

// BAD: Using weak hashing
const crypto = require("crypto");
function hashPasswordBad(password) {
  // NEVER use MD5 or SHA-1 for passwords!
  return crypto.createHash("md5").update(password).digest("hex");
}

// BAD: Storing plaintext
function storePasswordBad(password) {
  return password; // NEVER store passwords in plaintext!
}

Example 3: Secure Session Management (Express.js)

const session = require("express-session");
const RedisStore = require("connect-redis")(session);

// GOOD: Secure session configuration
app.use(
  session({
    store: new RedisStore({ client: redisClient }),
    secret: process.env.SESSION_SECRET, // From environment, not hardcoded
    name: "sessionId", // Don't use default 'connect.sid'
    resave: false,
    saveUninitialized: false,
    cookie: {
      secure: true, // MUST use HTTPS
      httpOnly: true, // MUST prevent JavaScript access
      maxAge: 1800000, // 30 minutes
      sameSite: "strict", // CSRF protection
    },
  }),
);

// BAD: Insecure session configuration
app.use(
  session({
    secret: "mysecret123", // Hardcoded secret!
    cookie: {
      secure: false, // Allows HTTP
      httpOnly: false, // Vulnerable to XSS
    },
  }),
);

Example 4: Preventing SQL Injection (Node.js)

const mysql = require("mysql2/promise");

// GOOD: Parameterized queries
async function getUserByEmail(email) {
  const [rows] = await connection.execute("SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ?", [email]);
  return rows[0];
}

// BAD: String concatenation
async function getUserByEmailBad(email) {
  // NEVER concatenate user input into SQL!
  const query = `SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = '${email}'`;
  const [rows] = await connection.execute(query);
  return rows[0];
}

Example 5: Secure Error Handling (Python)

import logging

# GOOD: Generic error messages to users, detailed logging
def process_payment(user_id, amount):
    try:
        # Process payment logic
        charge_credit_card(user_id, amount)
        return {"success": True, "message": "Payment processed"}
    except CreditCardError as e:
        # Log detailed error securely
        logging.error(f"Payment failed for user {user_id}: {str(e)}",
                     extra={"user_id": user_id, "amount": amount})
        # Return generic message to user
        return {"success": False, "message": "Payment processing failed. Please try again."}
    except Exception as e:
        # Log unexpected errors
        logging.exception(f"Unexpected error processing payment for user {user_id}")
        # Return generic message
        return {"success": False, "message": "An error occurred. Please contact support."}

# BAD: Exposing detailed errors
def process_payment_bad(user_id, amount):
    try:
        charge_credit_card(user_id, amount)
        return {"success": True}
    except Exception as e:
        # NEVER expose stack traces or system details to users!
        return {"success": False, "error": str(e), "trace": traceback.format_exc()}

Example 6: Secure Configuration (Environment Variables)

// GOOD: Use environment variables for secrets
require("dotenv").config();

const config = {
  database: {
    host: process.env.DB_HOST,
    user: process.env.DB_USER,
    password: process.env.DB_PASSWORD, // Never hardcode!
    database: process.env.DB_NAME,
  },
  api: {
    key: process.env.API_KEY,
    secret: process.env.API_SECRET,
  },
  // Secure defaults
  security: {
    httpsOnly: true,
    hstsEnabled: true,
    debugMode: false,
  },
};

// Validate required environment variables
const required = ["DB_HOST", "DB_USER", "DB_PASSWORD", "API_KEY"];
required.forEach((key) => {
  if (!process.env[key]) {
    throw new Error(`Missing required environment variable: ${key}`);
  }
});

// BAD: Hardcoded secrets
const configBad = {
  database: {
    host: "localhost",
    user: "admin",
    password: "P@ssw0rd123", // NEVER hardcode passwords!
    database: "production",
  },
  api: {
    key: "sk_live_abcdef123456", // NEVER commit API keys!
  },
};

Example 7: XSS Prevention (HTML Output Encoding)

// GOOD: Encode output before rendering
function escapeHtml(unsafe) {
  return unsafe
    .replace(/&/g, "&")
    .replace(/</g, "&lt;")
    .replace(/>/g, "&gt;")
    .replace(/"/g, "&quot;")
    .replace(/'/g, "&#039;");
}

function displayUserComment(comment) {
  const safeComment = escapeHtml(comment);
  document.getElementById("comment").innerHTML = safeComment;
}

// Or use a trusted library
const DOMPurify = require("dompurify");
function displayUserContent(content) {
  const clean = DOMPurify.sanitize(content);
  document.getElementById("content").innerHTML = clean;
}

// BAD: Direct HTML insertion
function displayUserCommentBad(comment) {
  // NEVER insert unsanitized user input into HTML!
  document.getElementById("comment").innerHTML = comment;
}

Related ISMS Policies

This skill implements requirements from:

• Secure Development Policy - Primary policy for secure coding practices
• Access Control Policy - Authentication and authorization requirements
• Cryptographic Controls Policy - Encryption and hashing requirements
• Information Security Policy - Overall security framework
• Data Classification Policy - Data handling requirements

Related Documentation

• SECURITY_ARCHITECTURE.md - Security controls and architecture
• THREAT_MODEL.md - Threat analysis and mitigation
• SECURITY.md - Security vulnerability reporting

Compliance Mapping

ISO 27001:2022

• A.8.24 Use of cryptography
• A.8.25 Secure development life cycle
• A.8.26 Application security requirements
• A.8.28 Secure coding

NIST Cybersecurity Framework

• PR.DS-2: Data-in-transit is protected
• PR.DS-6: Integrity checking mechanisms verify software integrity
• PR.IP-2: A System Development Life Cycle to manage systems is implemented

CIS Controls

• Control 16: Application Software Security
  • 16.1 Establish and Maintain a Secure Application Development Process
  • 16.2 Establish and Maintain a Process to Accept and Address Software Vulnerabilities
  • 16.10 Apply Secure Design Principles in Application Architectures

Enforcement

Violations of secure development rules:

• Critical violations (hardcoded secrets, use of banned algorithms): Block deployment, require immediate remediation
• High severity violations (missing input validation, weak authentication): Require remediation before merge
• Medium severity violations: Require remediation within sprint
• Low severity violations: Create technical debt tickets

All violations must be tracked and reported in security metrics.