Use Modern Go

• Prefer modern built-ins and packages (slices, maps, cmp) over legacy patterns
• Never use features from newer Go versions than the target
• Never use outdated patterns when a modern alternative is available

Features by Go Version

Go 1.0+

• time.Since: time.Since(start) instead of time.Now().Sub(start)

Go 1.8+

• time.Until: time.Until(deadline) instead of deadline.Sub(time.Now())

Go 1.13+

• errors.Is: errors.Is(err, target) instead of err == target (works with wrapped errors)

Go 1.18+

• any: Use any instead of interface{}
• bytes.Cut: before, after, found := bytes.Cut(b, sep) instead of Index+slice
• strings.Cut: before, after, found := strings.Cut(s, sep)

Go 1.19+

• fmt.Appendf: buf = fmt.Appendf(buf, "x=%d", x) instead of []byte(fmt.Sprintf(...))
• atomic.Bool/atomic.Int64/atomic.Pointer[T]: Type-safe atomics instead of atomic.StoreInt32

var flag atomic.Bool
flag.Store(true)
if flag.Load() { ... }

var ptr atomic.Pointer[Config]
ptr.Store(cfg)

Go 1.20+

• strings.Clone: strings.Clone(s) to copy string without sharing memory
• bytes.Clone: bytes.Clone(b) to copy byte slice
• strings.CutPrefix/CutSuffix: if rest, ok := strings.CutPrefix(s, "pre:"); ok { ... }
• errors.Join: errors.Join(err1, err2) to combine multiple errors
• context.WithCancelCause: ctx, cancel := context.WithCancelCause(parent) then cancel(err)
• context.Cause: context.Cause(ctx) to get the error that caused cancellation

Go 1.21+

Built-ins:

• min/max: max(a, b) instead of if/else comparisons
• clear: clear(m) to delete all map entries, clear(s) to zero slice elements

slices package:

• slices.Contains: slices.Contains(items, x) instead of manual loops
• slices.Index: slices.Index(items, x) returns index (-1 if not found)
• slices.IndexFunc: slices.IndexFunc(items, func(item T) bool { return item.ID == id })
• slices.SortFunc: slices.SortFunc(items, func(a, b T) int { return cmp.Compare(a.X, b.X) })
• slices.Sort: slices.Sort(items) for ordered types
• slices.Max/slices.Min: slices.Max(items) instead of manual loop
• slices.Reverse: slices.Reverse(items) instead of manual swap loop
• slices.Compact: slices.Compact(items) removes consecutive duplicates in-place
• slices.Clip: slices.Clip(s) removes unused capacity
• slices.Clone: slices.Clone(s) creates a copy

maps package:

• maps.Clone: maps.Clone(m) instead of manual map iteration
• maps.Copy: maps.Copy(dst, src) copies entries from src to dst
• maps.DeleteFunc: maps.DeleteFunc(m, func(k K, v V) bool { return condition })

sync package:

• sync.OnceFunc: f := sync.OnceFunc(func() { ... }) instead of sync.Once + wrapper
• sync.OnceValue: getter := sync.OnceValue(func() T { return computeValue() })

context package:

• context.AfterFunc: stop := context.AfterFunc(ctx, cleanup) runs cleanup on cancellation
• context.WithTimeoutCause: ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeoutCause(parent, d, err)
• context.WithDeadlineCause: Similar with deadline instead of duration

Go 1.22+

Loops:

• for i := range n: for i := range len(items) instead of for i := 0; i < len(items); i++
• Loop variables are now safe to capture in goroutines (each iteration has its own copy)

cmp package:

• cmp.Or: cmp.Or(flag, env, config, "default") returns first non-zero value

// Instead of:
name := os.Getenv("NAME")
if name == "" {
    name = "default"
}
// Use:
name := cmp.Or(os.Getenv("NAME"), "default")

reflect package:

• reflect.TypeFor: reflect.TypeFor[T]() instead of reflect.TypeOf((*T)(nil)).Elem()

net/http:

• Enhanced http.ServeMux patterns: mux.HandleFunc("GET /api/{id}", handler) with method and path params
• r.PathValue("id") to get path parameters

Go 1.23+

• maps.Keys(m) / maps.Values(m) return iterators
• slices.Collect(iter) not manual loop to build slice from iterator
• slices.Sorted(iter) to collect and sort in one step

keys := slices.Collect(maps.Keys(m))       // not: for k := range m { keys = append(keys, k) }
sortedKeys := slices.Sorted(maps.Keys(m))  // collect + sort
for k := range maps.Keys(m) { process(k) } // iterate directly

time package

• time.Tick: Use time.Tick freely — as of Go 1.23, the garbage collector can recover unreferenced tickers, even if they haven't been stopped. The Stop method is no longer necessary to help the garbage collector. There is no longer any reason to prefer NewTicker when Tick will do.

Go 1.24+

• t.Context() not context.WithCancel(context.Background()) in tests. ALWAYS use t.Context() when a test function needs a context.

Before:

func TestFoo(t *testing.T) {
    ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
    defer cancel()
    result := doSomething(ctx)
}

After:

func TestFoo(t *testing.T) {
    ctx := t.Context()
    result := doSomething(ctx)
}

• omitzero not omitempty in JSON struct tags. ALWAYS use omitzero for time.Duration, time.Time, structs, slices, maps.

Before:

type Config struct {
    Timeout time.Duration `json:"timeout,omitempty"` // doesn't work for Duration!
}

After:

type Config struct {
    Timeout time.Duration `json:"timeout,omitzero"`
}

• b.Loop() not for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ in benchmarks. ALWAYS use b.Loop() for the main loop in benchmark functions.

Before:

func BenchmarkFoo(b *testing.B) {
    for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
        doWork()
    }
}

After:

func BenchmarkFoo(b *testing.B) {
    for b.Loop() {
        doWork()
    }
}

• strings.SplitSeq not strings.Split when iterating. ALWAYS use SplitSeq/FieldsSeq when iterating over split results in a for-range loop.

Before:

for _, part := range strings.Split(s, ",") {
    process(part)
}

After:

for part := range strings.SplitSeq(s, ",") {
    process(part)
}

Also: strings.FieldsSeq, bytes.SplitSeq, bytes.FieldsSeq.

Go 1.25+

• wg.Go(fn) not wg.Add(1) + go func() { defer wg.Done(); ... }(). ALWAYS use wg.Go() when spawning goroutines with sync.WaitGroup.

Before:

var wg sync.WaitGroup
for _, item := range items {
    wg.Add(1)
    go func() {
        defer wg.Done()
        process(item)
    }()
}
wg.Wait()

After:

var wg sync.WaitGroup
for _, item := range items {
    wg.Go(func() {
        process(item)
    })
}
wg.Wait()

Go 1.26+

• new(val) not x := val; &x — returns pointer to any value. Go 1.26 extends new() to accept expressions, not just types. Type is inferred: new(0) → *int, new("s") → *string, new(T{}) → *T. DO NOT use x := val; &x pattern — always use new(val) directly. DO NOT use redundant casts like new(int(0)) — just write new(0). Common use case: struct fields with pointer types.

Before:

timeout := 30
debug := true
cfg := Config{
    Timeout: &timeout,
    Debug:   &debug,
}

After:

cfg := Config{
    Timeout: new(30),   // *int
    Debug:   new(true), // *bool
}

• errors.AsType[T](err) not errors.As(err, &target). ALWAYS use errors.AsType when checking if error matches a specific type.

Before:

var pathErr *os.PathError
if errors.As(err, &pathErr) {
    handle(pathErr)
}

After:

if pathErr, ok := errors.AsType[*os.PathError](err); ok {
    handle(pathErr)
}