Hexagonal Architecture (Ports & Adapters) + DDD

Dependency Rule

Arrows point inward only. Infrastructure depends on Application which depends on Domain. Domain depends on nothing.

Domain Layer

Entities

Objects with identity that persists over time. Identity is what matters, not attributes.

// Good — plain PHP, no framework imports
final class Lesson
{
    private LessonId $id;
    private LearnerId $learnerId;
    private LessonStatus $status;
    private CourseContent $content;

    public function __construct(
        LessonId $id,
        LearnerId $learnerId,
        Subject $subject,
    ) {
        $this->id = $id;
        $this->learnerId = $learnerId;
        $this->status = LessonStatus::Pending;
        $this->content = CourseContent::empty();
    }

    /** @throws LessonAlreadyClosedException */
    public function close(): void
    {
        if ($this->status->isClosed()) {
            throw new LessonAlreadyClosedException($this->id);
        }
        $this->status = LessonStatus::Closed;
        $this->recordEvent(new LessonClosed($this->id));
    }

    public function id(): LessonId { return $this->id; }
    public function status(): LessonStatus { return $this->status; }
}

Value Objects

Immutable, no identity — equality is defined by value, not by reference.

final class LessonId
{
    public function __construct(private readonly string $value)
    {
        if (empty($value)) {
            throw new \InvalidArgumentException('LessonId cannot be empty');
        }
    }

    public static function generate(): self
    {
        return new self((string) \Ramsey\Uuid\Uuid::uuid4());
    }

    public static function from(string $value): self
    {
        return new self($value);
    }

    public function equals(self $other): bool
    {
        return $this->value === $other->value;
    }

    public function toString(): string { return $this->value; }
    public function __toString(): string { return $this->value; }
}

Domain Enums / Status

enum LessonStatus
{
    case Pending;
    case Generating;
    case Active;
    case Closed;

    public function isClosed(): bool
    {
        return $this === self::Closed;
    }

    public function canReceiveMessages(): bool
    {
        return $this === self::Active;
    }
}

Repository Interfaces (Ports)

The domain defines what it needs — never how it is stored.

interface LessonRepository
{
    public function findById(LessonId $id): ?Lesson;

    /** @throws LessonNotFoundException */
    public function getById(LessonId $id): Lesson;

    /** @return Lesson[] */
    public function findByLearner(LearnerId $learnerId): array;

    public function save(Lesson $lesson): void;

    public function delete(LessonId $id): void;
}

Domain Services

Stateless logic that does not naturally belong to a single entity.

final class CreditAllocationService
{
    /** @throws InsufficientCreditsException */
    public function ensureSufficientCredits(CreditBalance $balance, int $required): void
    {
        if ($balance->isLessThan($required)) {
            throw new InsufficientCreditsException($balance, $required);
        }
    }
}

Domain Events

Signal that something meaningful happened in the domain.

final class LessonClosed
{
    public function __construct(
        public readonly LessonId $lessonId,
        public readonly \DateTimeImmutable $occurredAt = new \DateTimeImmutable(),
    ) {}
}

Application Layer

Use Cases (Application Services)

Orchestrate domain objects to fulfill a single business scenario. Receive ports as dependencies (injected via constructor). Return DTOs or primitive values — never domain entities to infrastructure callers.

final class CloseLesson
{
    public function __construct(
        private readonly LessonRepository $lessons,
        private readonly EventDispatcher $events,
    ) {}

    /** @throws LessonNotFoundException */
    /** @throws LessonAlreadyClosedException */
    public function execute(CloseLessonCommand $command): void
    {
        $lesson = $this->lessons->getById(
            LessonId::from($command->lessonId)
        );

        $lesson->close();

        $this->lessons->save($lesson);
        $this->events->dispatch(...$lesson->pullDomainEvents());
    }
}

Commands and Queries (CQRS optional)

DTOs that carry input data to use cases.

// Command — intent to change state
final class CloseLessonCommand
{
    public function __construct(
        public readonly string $lessonId,
        public readonly string $requestedByUserId,
    ) {}
}

// Query — intent to read state
final class GetLessonDetailsQuery
{
    public function __construct(
        public readonly string $lessonId,
    ) {}
}

Ports for External Services

Interfaces for everything outside the domain (email, IA, payment…).

interface CourseGenerationService
{
    /** @throws CourseGenerationFailedException */
    public function generateAsync(GenerateCourseRequest $request): GenerationJobId;
}

interface CreditGateway
{
    public function getBalance(LearnerId $learnerId): CreditBalance;
    public function deduct(LearnerId $learnerId, int $amount, string $reason): void;
}

Infrastructure Layer

Repository Adapters

Implement domain repository interfaces using the ORM/database of choice.

// Implements the domain port — lives in Infrastructure, not Domain
final class EloquentLessonRepository implements LessonRepository
{
    public function findById(LessonId $id): ?Lesson
    {
        $model = LessonModel::query()->find($id->toString());

        return $model ? $this->toDomain($model) : null;
    }

    public function getById(LessonId $id): Lesson
    {
        return $this->findById($id)
            ?? throw new LessonNotFoundException($id);
    }

    public function save(Lesson $lesson): void
    {
        LessonModel::query()->updateOrCreate(
            ['id' => $lesson->id()->toString()],
            $this->toModel($lesson),
        );
    }

    private function toDomain(LessonModel $model): Lesson
    {
        // Map ORM model → domain entity
        return Lesson::reconstitute(
            LessonId::from($model->id),
            LearnerId::from($model->learner_id),
            LessonStatus::from($model->status),
        );
    }

    /** @return array<string, mixed> */
    private function toModel(Lesson $lesson): array
    {
        return [
            'learner_id' => $lesson->learnerId()->toString(),
            'status' => $lesson->status()->name,
        ];
    }
}

Controllers (HTTP Adapters)

Thin. Validate input → call use case → return response. Zero business logic.

final class CloseLessonController
{
    public function __construct(private readonly CloseLesson $closeLesson) {}

    public function __invoke(CloseLessonRequest $request, string $lessonId): JsonResponse
    {
        $this->closeLesson->execute(new CloseLessonCommand(
            lessonId: $lessonId,
            requestedByUserId: $request->user()->id,
        ));

        return response()->json(status: 204);
    }
}

External Service Adapters

Implement application ports for third-party APIs.

final class HttpCourseGenerationService implements CourseGenerationService
{
    public function __construct(private readonly BloomIaClient $client) {}

    public function generateAsync(GenerateCourseRequest $request): GenerationJobId
    {
        $response = $this->client->post('/generate/course', [
            'learner_id' => $request->learnerId->toString(),
            'subject' => $request->subject->value,
        ]);

        return GenerationJobId::from($response['job_id']);
    }
}

Directory Structure

app/
├── Domain/
│   ├── Lesson/
│   │   ├── Lesson.php                    # Entity
│   │   ├── LessonId.php                  # Value Object
│   │   ├── LessonStatus.php              # Enum
│   │   ├── LessonRepository.php          # Port (interface)
│   │   ├── LessonNotFoundException.php   # Domain exception
│   │   └── Events/
│   │       └── LessonClosed.php          # Domain event
│   └── Credit/
│       ├── CreditBalance.php
│       ├── CreditGateway.php             # Port
│       └── InsufficientCreditsException.php
│
├── Application/
│   ├── UseCases/
│   │   └── CloseLesson/
│   │       ├── CloseLesson.php           # Use case
│   │       └── CloseLessonCommand.php    # Input DTO
│   └── Ports/
│       └── CourseGenerationService.php   # Port for external IA
│
└── Infrastructure/
    ├── Persistence/
    │   ├── Models/
    │   │   └── LessonModel.php           # ORM model (not a domain entity)
    │   └── Repositories/
    │       └── EloquentLessonRepository.php
    ├── Http/
    │   ├── Controllers/
    │   │   └── CloseLessonController.php
    │   └── Requests/
    │       └── CloseLessonRequest.php
    ├── Queue/
    │   └── Jobs/
    │       └── GenerateCourseJob.php
    └── External/
        └── BloomIa/
            └── HttpCourseGenerationService.php

Key Rules — Checklist

Domain

• No framework imports (use Illuminate\..., use Symfony\..., etc.)
• No constructor dependency on infrastructure services
• Entities have private/protected state — expose behavior, not data
• Value objects are final and immutable (readonly where possible)
• Repository contracts defined here as interfaces, not implementations
• Domain exceptions extend a base domain exception, not HTTP exceptions

Application

• Use cases receive ports (interfaces) via constructor injection
• Use cases return DTOs or void — never raw ORM models
• No HTTP/framework objects in use cases (Request, Response…)
• One use case = one public method (execute())
• Business invariants enforced before saving

Infrastructure

• Repositories implement domain interfaces, live in Infrastructure
• ORM models are internal to the persistence adapter — never exposed to Domain
• Mapping domain ↔ persistence is explicit (no auto-serialization of domain objects)
• Controllers are thin: no if branches, no domain logic
• Dependency Injection container binds interfaces → concrete adapters

General

• No circular dependencies between layers
• Framework-specific code never bleeds into Domain or Application
• Domain objects are unit-testable without booting the framework

Dependency Injection Binding Example

// Service Provider — Infrastructure binding
$this->app->bind(LessonRepository::class, EloquentLessonRepository::class);
$this->app->bind(CourseGenerationService::class, HttpCourseGenerationService::class);

Anti-Patterns to Avoid