Zotero Research

Boolean Search

Context Expansion

Citation Graph (OpenAlex)

Index Info

Filter Parameters

All four semantic search tools (search_papers, search_topic, search_tables, search_figures) accept these filters:

search_papers and search_topic additionally accept section_weights and journal_weights. search_tables accepts journal_weights (tables have no section weighting). search_boolean only accepts year_min and year_max (no text-based filters).

Example -- filter by author and year range:

search_papers("cardiac autonomic modulation",
              author="Shaffer",
              year_min=2010, year_max=2020)

Accepted Request Types

1. Topic Search

"Find top N papers on [topic]"

Strategy: Call search_topic with the topic as query and num_papers=N. Return: Organised list of papers with BetterBibTeX citation keys, relevance scores, publication venues, and a one-sentence summary of the best-matching passage.

Example output:

## Topic: Autonomic innervation of the heart

1. **Shaffer, F. et al.** (2014) "An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms"
   *Frontiers in Public Health* | `\cite{shafferOverviewHeartRate2014}`
   Avg relevance: 0.742 | Best chunk: 0.831 (p. 3)
   > "The sinoatrial node receives input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches..."

2. ...

2. Claim Support (For and Against)

"Find N citations for and against [claim]"

Strategy:

1. Call search_papers with the claim text, top_k=N*5, context_chunks=2.
2. Read each result's full_context to determine whether it supports, contradicts, or qualifies the claim.
3. For each relevant result, extract the verbatim passage that contains the evidence.
4. If a passage is relevant but needs more surrounding text, call get_passage_context with a larger window.

Return: A markdown document with sections for supporting, contradicting, and qualifying references. Each entry must include:

• A one-sentence summary of the finding in your own words.
• The verbatim excerpt from the paper (unaltered text from the passage or full_context field).
• The BetterBibTeX citation key.
• The page number.

Example output:

## Claim: HRV frequency-domain metrics correlate with psychological stress

### Supporting

**Shaffer and Ginsberg (2017)** found that frequency-domain metrics do correlate with psychological stress, but only under strict experimental conditions.

> "LF/HF ratio has been shown to reflect sympathovagal balance during controlled laboratory stressors, with significant increases observed during mental arithmetic and Stroop tasks (p < 0.01)."
> -- p. 12, `\cite{shafferOverviewHeartRate2017}`

### Contradicting

**Heathers (2014)** argued that the relationship is unreliable outside controlled settings.

> "The assumption that LF power reflects sympathetic activity has been challenged by multiple studies showing..."
> -- p. 7, `\cite{heathersEverythingHerzberg2014}`

### Qualifying

...

### Coverage Assessment
- 3 supporting references found
- 2 contradicting references found
- Zotero has limited coverage of field studies. Suggest the user search PubMed for: "HRV psychological stress ecological momentary assessment".

3. Citation Verification

"Verify that [paper] supports [intended citation use]"

Strategy:

1. Call search_papers with the intended claim as query, filtering mentally by the target paper's citation key in results.
2. If the paper appears in results, examine the full_context for the matching passages.
3. Call get_passage_context with a wide window (4-5) around the best hit to read the full surrounding argument.

Return: Verdict (supports / partially supports / does not support), the exact passage, page number, and any caveats.

4. Combined Research

"Research [topic] for a background section, then find support for key claims"

Strategy: Chain calls across tools for breadth then depth:

1. search_topic -- find relevant papers for the topic (breadth)
2. search_papers -- retrieve specific text passages supporting key claims (depth)
3. search_tables -- find quantitative data relevant to the topic
4. search_figures -- find visual evidence (experimental setups, result plots)
5. find_citing_papers -- map the citation landscape around a key paper
6. search_boolean -- verify exact terminology appears in specific papers

Return: Consolidated bibliography with verified citations, evidence passages, relevant tables, and figure references.

5. Figure Search

"Find figures showing [topic]"

Strategy: Call search_figures with the topic as query. The search runs against figure captions, so use descriptive language that would appear in a caption (e.g., "bar chart comparing groups", "schematic of experimental setup", "scatter plot HRV stress").

Return: A list of figures with captions, citation keys, page numbers, and image paths. Note that image_path points to extracted PNG files on disk -- include paths so the caller can inspect them visually if needed.

Example output:

## Figures: experimental recording setup

1. **Jones et al. (2019)** p. 4 | `\cite{jonesAutonomic2019}`
   Caption: "Figure 2. Schematic of the 12-lead ECG recording apparatus with participant seated at rest."
   Image: /path/to/figures/jones2019_p4_fig2.png

2. **Smith et al. (2021)** p. 7 | `\cite{smithCardiac2021}`
   Caption: "Figure 1. Block diagram of data acquisition pipeline."
   Image: /path/to/figures/smith2021_p7_fig1.png

Orphan figures (no caption detected) are returned with a generic description like "Figure on page X". Their relevance scores are lower because there is no caption text to match against; deprioritise them unless the query is broad.

6. Data Table Lookup

"Find tables with [specific data]"

Strategy:

1. Call search_tables with a content query describing the data (e.g., "mean HRV SDNN group comparison", "regression coefficients heart rate").
2. Review the table_markdown field to assess fit.
3. For each useful table, call get_passage_context with the table's doc_id, page as table_page, and table_index to retrieve the body text that references it. This reveals how the authors interpret the table.

Return: Markdown tables with captions, dimensions, and the referencing passage from the paper body.

Example output:

## Tables: mean HRV by group

### Table 1 -- Shaffer et al. (2017), p. 8 | `\cite{shafferOverviewHeartRate2017}`
Caption: "Table 2. Mean (SD) HRV indices by anxiety group."
Dimensions: 4 rows x 5 cols | Composite score: 0.76

| Group | SDNN (ms) | RMSSD (ms) | LF (ms²) | HF (ms²) |
|-------|-----------|------------|----------|----------|
| Low   | 62.1      | 41.3       | 892      | 764      |
| ...   | ...       | ...        | ...      | ...      |

Referencing text (p. 8, Results):
> "As shown in Table 2, participants in the low-anxiety group exhibited significantly higher SDNN values..."

7. Boolean / Exact Match Search

"Find papers containing exact terms [X, Y, Z]"

Strategy:

1. Call search_boolean with the terms and choose operator="AND" when all terms must co-occur, "OR" when any match is sufficient.
2. Review the returned paper list (title, authors, year, citation key).
3. For papers that look relevant, call search_papers with the same terms filtered to that paper's citation key to retrieve the specific passages.

Limitations to note in your response: no phrase search (terms are matched individually), no stemming ("activate" does not match "activation"), hyphenated words are split by Zotero's tokeniser ("heart-rate" indexes as two words: "heart" and "rate"). When exact terminology matters -- drug names, gene symbols, equipment model numbers, proprietary acronyms -- use search_boolean first, then drill into passages with search_papers.

Example output:

## Boolean search: "propranolol HRV"

Papers containing both terms (AND):

1. **Chen et al. (2018)** | `\cite{chenBetaBlocker2018}`
   *Journal of Cardiology* | 2018

2. **Doe and Roe (2020)** | `\cite{doeAutonomic2020}`
   *European Heart Journal* | 2020

Passage drill-down -- Chen et al.:
> "Propranolol administration (40 mg oral) produced a significant reduction in SDNN from 58.2 to 41.7 ms (p < 0.001)..."
> -- p. 5, `\cite{chenBetaBlocker2018}`

8. Citation Graph Exploration

"What cites [paper]?" or "What does [paper] reference?"

Strategy:

1. Obtain the doc_id for the paper from any prior search result.
2. Call get_citation_count for a quick impact summary (cited_by_count, reference_count).
3. Call find_citing_papers to find forward citations (papers that cite this work), or find_references to find backward citations (its bibliography).
4. Review the returned list from OpenAlex. These are external results -- they may not be in the local Zotero index.
5. For each citing/referenced paper that looks relevant, call search_boolean or search_papers with the title to check whether it exists in the local library.

Note: citation graph data comes from OpenAlex via DOI lookup. If the paper has no DOI, these tools will raise an error. The returned papers are described by OpenAlex metadata (title, authors, year, DOI, citation count of the cited paper), not by local PDF content.

Example output:

## Citation graph: Shaffer & Ginsberg (2017)

Impact (OpenAlex): cited by 312 papers | references 94 papers

### Papers citing Shaffer & Ginsberg (2017) (top 5 shown)

1. **Kim et al. (2022)** "HRV in clinical populations: a meta-analysis"
   DOI: 10.1016/j.hrv.2022.01.005 | Cited by: 47
   In local library: YES -- `\cite{kimHRVMeta2022}`

2. **Patel et al. (2023)** "Stress biomarkers during surgical procedures"
   DOI: 10.1007/s00423-023-02911-w | Cited by: 12
   In local library: NO

...

### Papers referenced by Shaffer & Ginsberg (2017) (top 5 shown)

1. **Task Force (1996)** "Standards of measurement of heart rate variability"
   DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.1043 | Cited by: 18,421
   In local library: YES -- `\cite{taskForceStandards1996}`

Output Format

Citation Keys

Always use BetterBibTeX citation keys from the citation_key field:

\cite{shafferOverviewHeartRate2017}

Verbatim Excerpts

All excerpts must be unaltered text from the MCP server's passage, full_context, or merged_text fields. Do not paraphrase within quote blocks. If the passage contains PDF extraction artefacts (broken hyphens, odd whitespace), reproduce them as-is within the quote and note the artefact.

Reference Metadata

Always include per reference:

• Author(s) and year
• BetterBibTeX citation key
• Publication venue (from publication field)
• Page number
• Relevance score where appropriate

Context Management

1. Use search_topic for breadth -- it deduplicates by paper and gives you both average and best-chunk composite scores
2. Use search_papers for depth -- when you need the actual passage text with surrounding context
3. Use search_tables for quantitative evidence -- when the user needs data, effect sizes, or statistics
4. Use search_figures for visual evidence -- when the user needs experimental setups, result plots, or diagrams; include image_path values so the caller can view the images
5. Use search_boolean when exact terminology matters -- drug names, gene symbols, equipment model numbers, proprietary acronyms; follow up with search_papers for passage retrieval from the matched papers
6. Use find_citing_papers / find_references to trace research lineage -- but note these return OpenAlex results, which may not be in the local library; always check local availability with search_papers or search_boolean
7. Expand selectively -- only call get_passage_context when the initial context is insufficient to judge relevance
8. Filter to reduce noise -- use author, tag, or collection to narrow large result sets when the user has specified a scope
9. Discard low relevance -- skip results with composite_score below 0.3 (or relevance_score below 0.5 if reranking is disabled)
10. Summarise immediately -- don't accumulate raw passages; write your summary as you process each result
11. Return promptly -- complete analysis and return to caller

Using Section Weights

Adjust section_weights to focus searches on specific paper sections:

For methodology questions:

search_papers("electrode impedance measurement protocol",
              section_weights={"methods": 1.0, "results": 0.5, "introduction": 0.2})

For findings/evidence:

search_papers("HRV correlates with stress",
              section_weights={"results": 1.0, "conclusion": 1.0, "discussion": 0.8})

To exclude references section:

search_papers("...", section_weights={"references": 0})

Setting a section weight to 0 completely excludes chunks from that section. This is useful for:

• Excluding references to avoid bibliography noise
• Excluding preamble to skip title pages and author lists
• Excluding appendix when supplementary material isn't relevant

Valid sections: abstract, introduction, background, methods, results, discussion, conclusion, references, appendix, preamble, table, unknown.

When Coverage Is Insufficient

1. Document the gap -- note what's missing and how many results were found
2. Check index stats -- call get_index_stats to report total indexed documents, tables, and figures
3. Suggest search terms -- tell the caller: "Zotero has limited coverage of [topic]. Suggest the user search [database] for: [query]"
4. Do NOT perform external searches
5. Continue with available material

Quality Standards

1. Only cite papers that appear in search results (they exist in the index and therefore in Zotero)
2. Every quoted passage must come verbatim from the MCP server response -- never fabricate or paraphrase within quote blocks
3. Report contradictions -- include opposing viewpoints when they exist
4. Note when coverage is sparse
5. Never misrepresent paper conclusions -- if context is ambiguous, say so
6. For citation graph results: clearly distinguish between papers in the local Zotero library and those only found in OpenAlex